Isomerizations on silica gel: Synthesis of allenyl ketones and the first Nazarov cyclizations of vinyl allenyl ketones
作者:A Stephen、K Hashmi、Jan W Bats、Ji-Hyun Choi、Lothar Schwarz
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01619-0
日期:1998.10
chromatographic workup of crude, terminal propargyl ketones 5 on silica gel directly leads to terminal allenylketones 6. When the other substituent on 5 was electron-rich, 7 was observed as side-product. If the other substituent on 5 was electron-poor, the isomeric 1-propynyl ketone 8 was the side-product. Chromatography of the crude propargyl vinyl ketones 10 on silica gel delivers the products of a Nazarov
Zinc barbier reaction of propargyl halides in water
作者:Lothar W. Bieber、Margarete F. da Silva、Rosenildo C. da Costa、Lília O.S. Silva
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00641-8
日期:1998.5
The reaction of propargyl halides and carbonyl compounds with zinc powder proceeds in concentrated aqueous salt solutions affording with high selectivity homopropargylic alcohols. Preparatively useful yields are obtained with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. Ketones and 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes react partially. A surface process of two SET is discussed. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthesis of 1,1-Disubstituted Alkenes via a Ru-Catalyzed Addition
作者:Barry M. Trost、Anthony B. Pinkerton、F. Dean Toste、Martin Sperrle
DOI:10.1021/ja012009m
日期:2001.12.19
The synthesis of 1,1-disubstituted alkenes typically involves reactions that lack atom economy such as olefination protocols. The use of various ruthenium complexes to effect the addition of terminal alkynes to alkenes is explored as an atom economical strategy. Two new ruthenium complexes have been discovered that effect this reaction at ambient temperature, cyclopentadienyl ruthenium (triphenylphosphine) camphorsulfonate and cyclopentadienylruthenium tris(acetonitrile) hexafluorophosphate. Using these complexes as catalysts, reactions proceed at ambient temperature in acetone or DMF, respectively. Regioselectivity favoring the formation of a 1,1-disubstituted over a 1,2-disubstituted alkene typically ranges from 9:1 to > 25: 1. The reaction demonstrates extraordinary chemoselectivity-even di- and trisubstituted alkenes such as present in the products do not compete with the starting monosubstituted alkene. Free hydroxyl groups a well as silyl and PMB ethers are tolerated as are ketones, esters, and amides. The mechanism of the reaction is believed to invoke formation of a metallacyclopentene. To account for the chemo- and regioselectivity, the initial formation of the metallacycle is believed to be reversible. While formation of the 2,5-disubstituted ruthenacyclopentene, which produces the linear product, is believed to be kinetically preferred. the rate of beta -hydrogen elimination from the 2,4-disubstituted ruthenacyclopentene, which produces the branched product, is believed to be faster. Thus, the competition between the rate of beta -hydrogen elimination and cycloreversion rationalizes the results.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization−Oxidation of Homopropargyl Alcohols. A New Access to γ-Butyrolactones
作者:Barry M. Trost、Young H. Rhee
DOI:10.1021/ja992013m
日期:1999.12.1
Vinylidenemetal species, which readily form from terminal alkynes under mild conditions, have rarely been utilized as reactive intermediates in a catalytic cycle. The conversion of homopropargyl alcohols via such intermediates to metal-complexed oxacarbenes led to the development of an "oxidant" compatible with a ruthenium complex capable of performing the cycloisomerization, that would convert them to lactones. None of the oxidants known to stoichiometrically convert isolated metallooxacarbenes to esters are effective. The unconventional "oxidants", N-hydroxyimides, proved to be capable of effecting the desired transformation, with N-hydroxysuccinimide being the "oxidant" of choice. The procedure of choice employs cyclopentadienyl (1,4-cyclooctadiene) ruthenium chloride and trifuryl phosphine as the precatalyst in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide or hexafluorophosphate with N-hydroxysuccinimide as the oxidant in DMF-water at 95 degrees. In this way, a wide diversity of homopropargyl alcohols were converted to gamma-butyrolactones with excellent chemoselectivity. Lactones synthesized include an intermediate toward a platelet aggregation inhibitor, a fruit flavor principle, an inhibitor of binding of phorbol esters to PKC-alpha, a tobacco constituent, a wood constituent (quercus lactone), an aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone) precursor, and an acetogenin known for pesticidal and antitumor activities (muricatacin).
The Prevalence of Daytime Napping and Its Relationship to Nighttime Sleep
作者:June J. Pilcher、Kristin R. Michalowski、Renee D. Carrigan
DOI:10.1080/08964280109595773
日期:2001.1
Many healthy adults report daytime napping. Surprisingly few studies, however have examined spontaneous napping behavior especially very short naps, in healthy adults. The authors examined the prevalence of power naps (lasting less than 20 minutes) and longer naps (20 minutes or more) and their effects on nighttime sleep in a group of healthy young and middle-aged adults. The young and middle-aged adults reported very similar sleep and napping patterns, with approximately 74% of the participants in both groups reporting they had napped during a 7-day sleep-log period. Almost half of the participants reported that the average nap lasted less than 20 minutes. A multivariant analysis of variance (MANOVA) found no significant differences between the no-nap and the power-nap or long-nap groups in sleep quantity or quality for either age group. The current data suggested that power napping occurs frequently in healthy adults and that spontaneous napping does not negatively affect nighttime sleep.