Origins of Regioselectivity in the Reactions of .alpha.-Lactams with Nucleophiles
摘要:
Regioselectivity in the reaction of alpha-lactams with nucleophiles results from two competing steps. Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group of the alpha-lactam, which yields rearranged, acyl-substituted products, is dependent on the nucleophilicity and the concentration of the nucleophile. Ring opening of the alpha-lactam to an ion pair intermediate, which gives nucleophile incorporation at C-2, is dependent on electronic effects of substituents at C-2. Groups which can stabilize positive charge at C-2 speed up ion pair formation, whereas electron-withdrawing groups slow the ring opening and give more carbonyl addition product. These factors are used to control the regioselectivity and produce a series of unsymmetric urea peptide mimetics in high yields and with complete regiochemical control.
作者:Ivan G. Pojarlieff、Iva B. Blagoeva、Bozhana P. Mikhova、Ergun Atay、Anthony J. Kirby
DOI:10.1039/a608619e
日期:——
Introduction of an N-methyl group in to ethyl N-methylhydantoate causes a fourfold decrease in the rate of base-catalysed exchange of the N-H proton; a second methyl group restores the rate to close to that of the N-unsubstituted hydantoate; the latter effect is observed for N-phenylhydantoates.
作者:KAVALEK, J.、MACHACEK, V.、SVOBODOVA, G.、STERBA, V.
DOI:——
日期:——
Origins of Regioselectivity in the Reactions of .alpha.-Lactams with Nucleophiles
作者:Robert V. Hoffman、Naresh K. Nayyar、Wenting Chen
DOI:10.1021/jo00118a032
日期:1995.6
Regioselectivity in the reaction of alpha-lactams with nucleophiles results from two competing steps. Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group of the alpha-lactam, which yields rearranged, acyl-substituted products, is dependent on the nucleophilicity and the concentration of the nucleophile. Ring opening of the alpha-lactam to an ion pair intermediate, which gives nucleophile incorporation at C-2, is dependent on electronic effects of substituents at C-2. Groups which can stabilize positive charge at C-2 speed up ion pair formation, whereas electron-withdrawing groups slow the ring opening and give more carbonyl addition product. These factors are used to control the regioselectivity and produce a series of unsymmetric urea peptide mimetics in high yields and with complete regiochemical control.
Atay, Ergun; Blagoeva, Iva B.; Kirby, Anthony J., Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin Transactions 2 (2001), 1998, # 10, p. 2289 - 2297
作者:Atay, Ergun、Blagoeva, Iva B.、Kirby, Anthony J.、Pojarlieff, Ivan G.