Discovery of Novel Potent and Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK3β) Inhibitors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Pyrazines
摘要:
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, also called tau phosphorylating kinase, is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase which was originally identified due to its role in glycogen metabolism. Active forms of GSK3 beta localize to pretangle pathology including dystrophic neuritis and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. By using a high throughput screening (HTS) approach to search for new chemical series and cocrystallization of key analogues to guide the optimization and synthesis of our pyrazine series, we have developed highly potent and selective inhibitors showing cellular efficacy and blood-brain barrier penetrance. The inhibitors are suitable for in vivo efficacy testing and may serve as a new treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease.
新兴的人工光开关催化领域最近展示了功能性光响应系统的惊人例子,允许动态控制有机催化和金属催化转化中的活性和选择性。虽然我们小组已经公开了以第一代分子马达作为可切换中心核心的系统,但缺乏基于第二代分子马达的设计。在这里,报道了基于光响应性四取代烯烃核心的两个双功能化分子开关的合成。它们在上半部分具有硫脲取代基作为供氢部分,在下半部分具有碱性二甲胺基团。这种官能团的组合为这些分子在光可切换催化过程中的应用提供了可能性。通过预功能化的上半部和下半部的 Barton-Kellogg 耦合合成光响应中心核。使用 Buchwald-Hartwig 胺化和随后引入硫脲取代基的衍生化得到目标化合物。控制迈克尔加成反应中的催化活性(E )-3-溴-β-硝基苯乙烯和2,4-戊二酮是在双功能催化剂1的稳定-( E )和稳定-( Z )异构体的辐照下得到的。两种异构体在辐照到亚稳态后都表现出催化活性的降低,为系统提供了用作开/关催化光开关的潜力。
The invention relates to sulfonamide derivatives, to their use in medicine, to compositions containing them, to processes for their preparation and to intermediates used in such processes. More particularly the invention relates to new sulfonamide Nav1.7 inhibitors of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein X, Y
1
, Y
2
, Z, R
1
, R
2
and R
3
are as defined in the description. Nav 1.7 inhibitors are potentially useful in the treatment of a wide range of disorders, particularly pain.
Synthesis and structure–activity relationships for 1-(4-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl)phenyl)pyrrolidin-2-ones as novel non-carboxylate inhibitors of the aldo-keto reductase enzyme AKR1C3
作者:Daniel M. Heinrich、Jack U. Flanagan、Stephen M.F. Jamieson、Shevan Silva、Laurent J.M. Rigoreau、Elisabeth Trivier、Tony Raynham、Andrew P. Turnbull、William A. Denny
DOI:10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.047
日期:2013.4
High expression of the aldo-keto reductase enzyme AKR1C3 in the human prostate and breast has implicated it in the development and progression of leukemias and of prostate and breast cancers. Inhibitors are thus of interest as potential drugs. Most inhibitors of AKR1C3 are carboxylic acids, whose transport into cells is likely dominated by carrier-mediated processes. We describe here a series of (piperidinosulfonamidophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-ones as potent (<100 nM) and isoform-selective non-carboxylate inhibitors of AKR1C3. Structure-activity relationships identified the sulfonamide was critical, and a crystal structure showed the 2-pyrrolidinone does not interact directly with residues in the oxyanion hole. Variations in the position, co-planarity or electronic nature of the pyrrolidinone ring severely diminished activity, as did altering the size or polarity of the piperidino ring. There was a broad correlation between the enzyme potencies of the compounds and their effectiveness at inhibiting AKR1C3 activity in cells. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.