ABSTRACT
We designed, synthesized, and identified GRL-98065, a novel nonpeptidic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor (PI) containing the structure-based designed privileged cyclic ether-derived nonpeptide P2 ligand, 3(
R
),3a(
S
),6a(
R
)-bis-tetrahydrofuranylurethane (bis-THF), and a sulfonamide isostere, which is highly potent against laboratory HIV-1 strains and primary clinical isolates (50% effective concentration [EC
50
], 0.0002 to 0.0005 μM) with minimal cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxicity, 35.7 μM in CD4
+
MT-2 cells). GRL-98065 blocked the infectivity and replication of each of the HIV-1
NL4-3
variants exposed to and selected by up to a 5 μM concentration of saquinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, or ritonavir and a 1 μM concentration of lopinavir or atazanavir (EC
50
, 0.0015 to 0.0075 μM), although it was less active against HIV-1
NL4-3
selected by amprenavir (EC
50
, 0.032 μM). GRL-98065 was also potent against multiple-PI-resistant clinical HIV-1 variants isolated from patients who had no response to existing antiviral regimens after having received a variety of antiviral agents, HIV-1 isolates of various subtypes, and HIV-2 isolates examined. Structural analyses revealed that the close contact of GRL-98065 with the main chain of the protease active-site amino acids (Asp29 and Asp30) is important for its potency and wide-spectrum activity against multiple-PI-resistant HIV-1 variants. The present data demonstrate that the privileged nonpeptide P2 ligand, bis-THF, is critical for the binding of GRL-98065 to the HIV protease substrate binding site and that this scaffold can confer highly potent antiviral activity against a wide spectrum of HIV isolates.
摘要
我们设计、合成并鉴定了 GRL-98065,它是一种新型非肽人类免疫缺陷病毒 1 型(HIV-1)蛋白酶抑制剂(PI),含有基于结构设计的特权环醚衍生非肽 P2 配体 3(
R
),3a(
S
),6a(
R
)-双四氢呋喃基乙烷(bis-THF)和一种磺酰胺同系物,对实验室 HIV-1 株系和主要临床分离株有很强的抗药性(50%有效浓度 [EC
50
为 0.0002 至 0.0005 μM),细胞毒性极低(对 CD4 + CD4 细胞的 50%细胞毒性为 35.7 μM
+
MT-2 细胞中的细胞毒性为 35.7 μM)。GRL-98065 阻断了每种 HIV-1
NL4-3
变体的感染性和复制(EC
50
为 0.0015 至 0.0075 μM),但它对 HIV-1
NL4-3
的活性较低(EC
50
为 0.032 μM)。GRL-98065 对从接受过多种抗病毒药物治疗后对现有抗病毒方案无反应的患者、各种亚型的 HIV-1 分离物和受检的 HIV-2 分离物中分离出的多重抗 PI 临床 HIV-1 变异株也有很强的抑制作用。结构分析表明,GRL-98065 与蛋白酶活性位点氨基酸主链(Asp29 和 Asp30)的密切接触是其对多重 PI 抗性 HIV-1 变体具有强效和广谱活性的重要原因。本研究数据表明,特异性非肽 P2 配体双-THF 对于 GRL-98065 与 HIV 蛋白酶底物结合位点的结合至关重要,而且这种支架可赋予 GRL-98065 针对多种 HIV 分离物的高效抗病毒活性。