Benzimidazolones: A New Class of Selective Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) Modulators
摘要:
A series of benzimidazolone carboxylic acids and oxazolidinediones were designed and synthesized in search of selective PPAR gamma modulators (SPPAR gamma Ms) as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with improved safety profiles relative to rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, the currently marketed PPAR gamma full agonist drugs. Structure activity relationships of these potent and highly selective SPPAR gamma Ms were studied with a focus on their unique profiles as partial agonists or modulators. A variety of methods, such as X-ray aystallographic analysis, PPAR gamma transactivation coactivator profiling, gene expression profiling, and mutagenesis studies, were employed to reveal the differential interactions of these new analogues with PPAR gamma receptor in comparison to full agonists. In rodent models of T2DM, benzimidazolone analogues such as (5R)-5-(3-{[3-(5-methoxybenzisoxazol-3-yl)benzimidazol-1-yl]methyl}phenyl)-5-methyloxazolidinedione (Si) demonstrated efficacy equivalent to that of rosiglitazone. Side effects, such as fluid retention and heart weight gain associated with PPAR gamma full agonists, were diminished with 51 in comparison to rosiglitazone based on studies in two independent animal models.
Cascade Palladium Catalysis: A Predictable and Selectable Regiocontrolled Synthesis of<i>N</i>-Arylbenzimidazoles
作者:Nathan T. Jui、Stephen L. Buchwald
DOI:10.1002/anie.201306007
日期:2013.10.25
choice: The palladium‐catalyzed cascade reaction of 2‐chloroaryl sulfonates with arylamine and amide nucleophiles provides direct access to N‐arylbenzimidazoles. This strategy selectively produces the heterocycles based on chemoselective oxidative addition. 2‐Chloroaryl triflates (Tf) produce one regioisomer and the corresponding 2‐chloroaryl mesylates (Ms) deliver the other in a selectable manner.
Regioselectively substituted indoles are prepared by a Pd‐catalyzed CC/CN bond‐forming sequence fromimines and o‐dihaloarenes or o‐haloarene sulfonates. The heterogeneous reaction as a suspension in water and under microwave heating offers important advantages in comparison with the conventional reaction in an organic solvent, among them, operational simplicity, the employment of KOH solutions instead
区域选择性取代的吲哚通过Pd催化的C中制备 C / C N键形成序列从亚胺和ö -dihaloarenes或ö -haloarene磺酸盐。与在有机溶剂中的常规反应相比,在水中和微波加热下作为悬浮液的非均相反应具有重要的优势,其中包括操作简便,使用KOH溶液代替醇盐以及显着减少反应时间。