富马腈(Fumaronitrile),又称反丁烯二腈,可通过三步反应从顺丁烯二酸酐制备而成。取代萘酞菁及其配合物由于其独特的结构和性质,在许多高新技术领域中成为了一类新型功能材料,并得到了广泛的研究。
化学性质富马腈为白色针状结晶,熔点96℃,沸点186℃。它易溶于苯、乙醇、乙醚,且易于升华。
用途富马腈是一种高附加值的重要化工原料,主要用于有机合成。它可以用于制备具有强近红外吸收的萘酞菁类功能性材料,并可用作在纳米尺度下观察细胞内部结构的AIE发光剂,如2,3-双(4-(苯基(4-(1,2,2-三苯基-乙烯基)苯基)氨基)苯基)富马腈。
生产方法 反丁烯二酸酐制备反丁烯二酸加热至250-300℃可转变为顺丁烯二酸酐,且反丁烯二酸能生成一元及二元酯或酰胺。通过将反丁烯二酸二乙酯进行酰胺化、脱水反应后,即可得到反丁烯二腈。
酰胺化步骤中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 分子量 |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Z)-丁-2-烯二腈 | maleonitrile | 928-53-0 | C4H2N2 | 78.0733 |
Phthalocyanines have become of major interest as functional colorants for various applications. In order to use various applications especially photosensitizers, the absorption maxima called Q-band of phthalocyanines are required to be shifted to the near infrared region. Substituted phthalocyanine analog alkylbenzopiridoporphyrazins, especially zinc bis(1,4-didecylbenzo)-bis(3,4-pyrido)porphyrazine, and toroidal-shaped phthalocyanines having aminoamine dendric side chains such as toroidal zinc poly(aminoamine)phthalocyanine dendrons were synthesized. Phthalocyanines of two types reportedly use photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer. The respective efficacies of photodynamic therapy of cancer for zinc bis(1,4-didecylbenzo)-bis(3,4-pyrido)porphyrazine and its regioisomers were estimated using laser-flash photolysis. The capability of using photodynamic therapy for toroidal zinc poly(aminoamine)phthalocyanine dendrons was assessed using a cancer cell culture. Both phthalocyanines were suitable for the use as a photosensitizer as photodynamic therapy of cancer. Then, non-peripheral thioaryl substituted phthalocyanines, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thioaryl)phthalocyanines, such as 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thiophenylmethyl)phthalocyanines, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thiophenylmethoxy)phthalocyanines, and 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thiophenyl tert-butyl)phthalocyanines were also synthesized in order to develop next- generation photovoltaic cells and/or dye-sensitized solar cells. Non-peripheral substituted 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thioaryl)phthalocyanines exhibited a Q-band in the near infrared region. Electrochemical measurements were performed on the above-mentioned 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thioaryl)phthalocyanines described above to examine their electron transfer abilities and electrochemical mechanisms. The compounds 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thioaryl)phthalocyanines are anticipated to be appropriate materials for use in the next generation of photovoltaic cells.