The disclosed technology relates generally to material systems which include a plurality of particles and methods of making the same. The particles have a core and a shell which encapsulates the core and has at least one atomic element not included in the core. The cores of the particles have a median maximum dimension that is less than 10 microns and a median of at least one axial dimension that is between 10 nm and 500 nm. The shells of the particles have a median thickness that is less than 100 nm, a silicon concentration that is between 10% and 50% on the basis of the weight of the shells, and an aluminum concentration that is between 0.01% and 5% on the basis of the weight of the shells.
披露的技术通常涉及包括多个粒子的材料系统及其制备方法。这些粒子具有一个核心和一个包覆核心的壳层,壳层中至少包含一个不包括在核心中的原子元素。这些粒子的核心具有一个中位数最大尺寸小于10微米,一个中位数至少一个轴向尺寸在10纳米到500纳米之间。这些粒子的壳层具有一个中位数厚度小于100纳米,
硅浓度在壳层重量基础上介于10%和50%之间,铝浓度在壳层重量基础上介于0.01%和5%之间。