Organotin compounds are readily absorbed via oral, inhalation, or dermal routes. Tin may enter the bloodstream and bind to hemoglobin, where it is distributed and accumulates mainly in the kidney, liver, lung, and bone. Organotin compounds may undergo dealkylation, hydroxylation, dearylation, and oxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the liver. Dealkylation of butyltin compounds produces di- and monobutyltin compounds, while oxidation of butyltin compounds produces the 3-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 3-oxobutyl, and 3-carboxy metabolites. The alkyl products of dealkylation are conjugated with glutathione and further metabolized to mercapturic acid derivatives. Tin and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine and feces. (L308)
Organotin compounds produce neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Organotins may directly activate glial cells contributing to neuronal cell degeneration by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and/or interleukins. They may also induce apoptosis by direct action on neuronal cells. Organotin compounds stimulate the neuronal release of and/or decrease of neuronal cell uptake of neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including aspartate, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This may be either a contributing factor to or result of the neuronal cell loss. The immunotoxic effects of organotins are characterized by thymic atrophy caused by the suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes and apoptosis of mature thymocytes. Organotin compounds are believed to exert these effects by suppressing DNA and protein synthesis, inducing the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (such as nur77), and disrupting the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, giving rise to the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the proteolytic and nucleolytic cascade of apoptosis. The suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes further results in the suppression of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Organotins are also endocrine disruptors and are believed to contribute to obesity by inappropriate receptor activation, leading to adipocyte differentiation. Inorganic tin triggers eryptosis, contributing to tin-induced anemia. (L308, A182, A184)
Breathing or swallowing, or skin contact with organotins, can interfere with the way the brain and nervous system work, causing death in severe cases. Organic tin compounds may also damage the immune and reproductive system. (L307, L308)
An evaluation was conducted of the effects of trialkyltin compounds on murine erythroleukemic cell nuclei via flow cytometric analysis. The flow cytometric variables which were examined included the cellular DNA synthetic cycle, axial light loss, fluorescein- isothiocyanate fluorecence and 90 degree light scattering. The murine erythroleukemic cells were grown in a suspension culture with cell viability being determined by a carboxyfluorescein-diacetate/propidium-iodide assay. The murine erythroleukemic cells were exposed to trimethyltin, triethyltin, and tributyltin at various concentrations with the effects being assessed by monitoring cell viability, growth rate, and the various flow cytometric parameters. Based upon the carboxyfluorescein-diacetate/propidium-iodide assay, it was determined that toxicity increased in the order trimetyltin, triethyltin, and tributyltin. These alkyltin exposures resulted in mean cellular carboxyfluorescein fluorescent increases which were compound and dosage specific below a critical level. The fluorescence of 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine-iodide was used to determine plasma membrane potential and demonstrated that tributyltin was most effective in decreasing membrane potential, followed by triethyltin and then trimethyltin. Nuclei isolated from murine erythroleukemic cells were used to determine the effects of these trialkyltin compounds upon the cell cycle. DNA distribution during the cycle, as assessed by flow cytometry, demontrated that a 4 hour exposure to 1 uM tributyltin, 5 uM triethyltin, or 100 uM trimethyltin blocked a particular phase of the cell cycle. Exposures above these maximal levels for the three alkyltin compounds resulted in cell death which correlated with an influx of propidium-iodide. /It was/ concluded that murine erythroleukemic cell toxicity is related to compound lipophilicity and thus, tributyltin is the most toxic of the trialkyltin compounds investigated.
Accumulation & catabolism of tributyltin was measured in blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) after 16-day exposures to tributyltin-contaminated prey. Tributyltin & the metabolites, dibutyltin & monobutyltin, were separated by gas chromatography & measured by atomic absorption in prey & crab tissues during the 16 day test. Crabs were fed grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio contaminated with 1.8 ug tributyltin, 0.09 ug dibutyltin & 0.03 ug monobutyltin per gram wet weight tissue. Feeding rates for exposed & non-exposed crabs were equal during the 16 day test. In 16 days, exposed crabs consumed about 2.02 ug of tributyltin. Tributyltin was sequentially debutylated in a significant manner by blue crabs, but not by the grass shrimp. Tributyltin concns peaked in crabs after 4 days of feeding, at 0.12 ug/g wet weight tissue. Dibutyltin peaked at 8 days at 0.39 ug/g wet weight tissue, & monobutyltin peaked at 12 days at 0.35 ug/g wet weight tissue. Total butyltins reached equilibrium by 8 days, but the relative toxic burden declined from 8-16 days because the proportion of tributyltin continued to decline. Growth molting success & feeding rates were not affected in the juvenile crabs during the 16 day test. Catabolism of tributyltin reduces tissue concns of tributyltin, thereby incr the tolerance of blue crabs to tributyltin. /Tributyltin/
给出了溶液中短寿命苯乙烯基的ESR数据。通过用适当的氢化锡对过氧化二叔丁基进行紫外线照射，可在ESR光谱仪的腔中产生自由基。自由基R 3 Sn 。（R = Me，n-Pr，n-Bu）显示出与β-质子相互作用引起的多重峰（a H = 0.30–0.31 mT，g = 2.0160–2.0163），谱线展宽取决于[R 3 SnH]。自由基Ph n Me 3- n Sn 。（n = 1，2）由于甲基质子（a H = 0.30 mT）而仅显示分裂。观察到的线宽显示，一邻，对≲0.05 mT的一米≲0.03 mT的。自由基Ph n Et 3- n Sn。（ n = 0–2）没有显示出由于交换收窄效应而引起的亚甲基质子分裂。所述克值减少与增加ñ从2.0163和2.015（ Ñ = 0）到2.0023（ Ñ = 3），因为在自由基中心从平面构象增加偏差。线展宽和交换变窄作用是由自由基和氢化物分子（之间的快速氢交换引起ķ
Absolute rate constants for reaction of phenyl, 2,2-dimethylvinyl, cyclopropyl, and neopentyl radicals with tri-n-butylstannane. Comparison of the radical trapping abilities of tri-n-butylstannane and -germane
作者：L. J. Johnston、J. Lusztyk、D. D. M. Wayner、A. N. Abeywickreyma、A. L. J. Beckwith、J. C. Scaiano、Keith U. Ingold
DOI：10.1021/ja00301a062
日期：1985.7
Le tributylgermane est un donneur d'hydrogene, considerablement plus pauvre, aux radicaux alkyles que le tributylstannane
Le tributylgermane est un donneur d'hydrogene,potentialment plus pauvre, aux radicauxalkales que le tributylstannane
Synthesis and Biological Studies of a Triazole Analogue of Resorcylic Acid Lactone LL-Z1640-2
作者：Wendy Y. L. Goh、Christina L. L. Chai、Anqi Chen
DOI：10.1002/ejoc.201403010
日期：2014.11
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Goh, W. Y. L.; Chai, C. L. L.; Chen, A. Q., Synthesis and biologicalstudies of a triazoleanalogue of resorcylicacidlactoneLL-Z1640-2. European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2014, 2014, (32), p 7239–7244, which has been published in final form at https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201403010. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes
这是以下文章的同行评审版本：Goh, WYL；柴，CLL；Chen, AQ，间苯二酸内酯 LL-Z1640-2 的三唑类似物的合成和生物学研究。European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2014, 2014, (32), p 7239–7244，最终版本已在 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201403010 上发表。根据 Wiley 自我存档条款和条件，本文可用于非商业目的。
Binuclear platinum(II) photochemistry. Rates of hydrogen atom transfer from organometallic hydrides to electronically excited Pt2(P2O5H2)44-
作者：Antonin Vlcek、Harry B. Gray
DOI：10.1021/ja00235a051
日期：1987.1
dsigma*psigma excited states of d/sup 8/-d/sup 8/ binuclear complexes (/sup 3/M/sub2/*, M = Rh, Ir, Pt) are readily oxidized by one-electron acceptors. A related but largely unexplored reaction for these /sup 3/M/sub2/* states is hydrogen atom abstraction, RH + /sup 3/M/sub2/* ..-->.. R/sup ./ + /sup ./M/sub 2/H, a step that was proposed by Roundhill to be a primary process in the Pt/sub 2/-photocatalyzed
作者：Angelo Alberti、Massimo Benaglia、Bianca F. Bonini、Gian Franco Pedulli
DOI：10.1039/f19888403347
日期：——
A wide variety of radicals has been added to three relatively stable thiocarbonyl compounds, namely thiobenzoyltriphenylsilane (TBTPS), 2,4,6-tri-t-butylthiobenzaldehyde (TBTBA), and tris(trimethylsilyl)ethan-ethial or trisylthioaldehyde (TSTA), in order to test their ability to act as radical scavengers and the possibility of using them as spin-trapping agents. Reactions with radicals centred at elements
各种各样的自由基已添加到三种相对稳定的硫代羰基化合物中，即硫代苯甲酰基三苯基硅烷（TBTPS），2,4,6-三叔丁基硫代苯甲醛（TBTBA）和三（三甲基甲硅烷基）乙乙氧基或三丁基硫醛（TSTA），为了测试它们充当自由基清除剂的能力以及将其用作自旋捕集剂的可能性。在所有情况下，与自由基集中在第IV至VI族元素上的反应在所有情况下均提供了持久的自旋加合物，其通过电子能谱法研究。尤其是，TBTPS加合物显示出良好的esr光谱，在大多数情况下，超精细图谱可明确鉴定所捕获的自由基。已经监测了某些TBTA和TSTA加合物的衰减，并确定了该过程的速率常数。分别为7和（1.9±0.5）×10 6 dm 3 mol –1 s –1。
Elucidation of the Thermochemical Properties of Triphenyl- or Tributyl-Substituted Si-, Ge-, and Sn-Centered Radicals by Means of Electrochemical Approaches and Computations
作者：Allan Hjarbæk Holm、Tore Brinck、Kim Daasbjerg
DOI：10.1021/ja044687p
日期：2005.3.1
Redox potentials of a number of triphenyl- or tributyl-substituted Si-, Ge-, or Sn-centered radicals, R(3)M(*), have been measured in acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or dimethyl sulfoxide by photomodulated voltammetry or through a study of the oxidation process of the corresponding anions in linear sweep voltammetry. For the results pertaining to the Ph(3)M(*) series (including literature data for M
