Pradefovir: A Prodrug That Targets Adefovir to the Liver for the Treatment of Hepatitis B
摘要:
Adefovir dipivoxil, a marketed drug for the treatment of hepatitis B, is dosed at submaximally efficacious doses because of renal toxicity. In an effort to improve the therapeutic index of adefovir, 1-aryl-1,3-propanyl prodrugs were synthesized with the rationale that this selectively liver-activated prodrug class would enhance liver levels of the active metabolite adefovir diphosphate (ADV-DP) and/or decrease kidney exposure. The lead prodrug (14, MB06866, pradefovir), identified from a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays, exhibited good oral bioavailability (F = 42%, mesylate salt, rat) and rate of prodrug conversion to ADV-DP. Tissue distribution studies in the rat using radiolabeled materials showed that cyclic 1-aryl-1,3-propanyl prodrugs enhance the delivery of adefovir and its metabolites to the liver, with pradefovir exhibiting a 12-fold improvement in the liver/kidney ratio over adefovir dipivoxil.
Pradefovir: A Prodrug That Targets Adefovir to the Liver for the Treatment of Hepatitis B
摘要:
Adefovir dipivoxil, a marketed drug for the treatment of hepatitis B, is dosed at submaximally efficacious doses because of renal toxicity. In an effort to improve the therapeutic index of adefovir, 1-aryl-1,3-propanyl prodrugs were synthesized with the rationale that this selectively liver-activated prodrug class would enhance liver levels of the active metabolite adefovir diphosphate (ADV-DP) and/or decrease kidney exposure. The lead prodrug (14, MB06866, pradefovir), identified from a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays, exhibited good oral bioavailability (F = 42%, mesylate salt, rat) and rate of prodrug conversion to ADV-DP. Tissue distribution studies in the rat using radiolabeled materials showed that cyclic 1-aryl-1,3-propanyl prodrugs enhance the delivery of adefovir and its metabolites to the liver, with pradefovir exhibiting a 12-fold improvement in the liver/kidney ratio over adefovir dipivoxil.
Lewis Base-Promoted Ring-Opening 1,3-Dioxygenation of Unactivated Cyclopropanes Using a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent
作者:Matthew H. Gieuw、Zhihai Ke、Ying-Yeung Yeung
DOI:10.1002/anie.201713422
日期:2018.3.26
A facile and effective system has been developed for the regio‐ and chemoselective ring‐opening/electrophilic functionalization of cyclopropanes through C−C bond activation by [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene with the aid of the Lewis basic promoter p‐toluenesulfonamide. The p‐toluenesulfonamide‐promoted system works well for a wide range of cyclopropanes, resulting in the formation of 1,3‐diol products
Compounds of Formula I, stereoisomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof, their preparation, and their uses for the treatment of hepatitis C viral infection are described:
Electrochemical ring-opening 1,3-dihydroxylation of arylcyclopropanes with H<sub>2</sub>O
作者:Jianhua Cai、Yuxi Wen、Wei Sheng、Xuejin Huang、Ye Zheng、Chunlan Song、Jiakun Li
DOI:10.1039/d3gc02283h
日期:——
dihydroxylation of alkenes is one of the most powerful synthetic tools for delivering two hydroxyl groups at vicinal positions. The direct formation of 1,3-diols remains a formidable challenge, yet dihydroxyl groups are broadly present in bioactive compounds, and are currently only available synthetically via multiple steps. The oxidative ring-opening of arylcyclopropanes has been demonstrated to access various
传统的烯烃二羟基化是在邻位提供两个羟基的最强大的合成工具之一。直接形成 1,3-二醇仍然是一个艰巨的挑战,但二羟基广泛存在于生物活性化合物中,目前只能通过多个步骤合成。芳基环丙烷的氧化开环已被证明可以得到各种 1,3-双官能化化学物质,但由于 1,3-二醇本身很容易被进一步氧化,所以尚未直接合成 1,3-二醇。在此,我们报告了一种简便有效的 1,3-二醇策略,涉及用 H 2控制芳基环丙烷的电化学 C-C 键断裂O作为最终的绿色羟基源。此外,该方案以其高原子经济性、广泛的底物范围和优异的官能团耐受性而脱颖而出,因此适合复杂天然产物和药物衍生物的合成。