A Comparison of Commercial Microwave Reactors for Scale-Up within Process Chemistry
摘要:
Seven commercially available microwave reactors designed for limited scale-up have been investigated using a highly reliable and robust reaction (the Newman-Kwart rearrangement). The use of a single reaction has enabled the comparison to be made across the range of different reactor types and scales. Overall, all reactors gave reliable scale-up from small scale, and performance equivalent to one another on large scale. A more detailed comparison between them is given in the concluding section.
We herein establish a multicomponent annulation method for the synthesis of valuable iminocoumarins using aryl thiocarbamates, internal alkynes, and sulfonamides as starting materials, which are safe and readily available. The key step is a Rh-catalyzed and sulfur-directed C—H bondactivation. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggested that the nucleophilic attack of the sulfonamide on an active
The Newman−Kwart Rearrangement: A Microwave Kinetic Study
作者:John P. Gilday、Philip Lenden、Jonathan D. Moseley、Brian G. Cox
DOI:10.1021/jo702633g
日期:2008.4.1
The kinetic profile of the Newman−Kwart rearrangement has been evaluated using microwave heating. After first demonstrating equivalence between conventional convective heating and microwave heating, data was gathered and analyzed to determine the effects of substituent, solvent, and concentration on the reaction order. Reaction rate constants, Arrhenius constants, and activation energies have been
Microwave-mediated Newman–Kwart rearrangement in water
作者:Ina Hoffmann、Jürgen Schatz
DOI:10.1039/c6ra20676j
日期:——
For the first time the unimolecular Newman–Kwart rearrangement is performed in pure water.
这是第一次在纯水中进行单分子Newman-Kwart重排。
Photothermal Conversion by Carbon Black Facilitates Aryl Migration by Photon‐Promoted Temperature Gradients
作者:Megan E. Matter、Lejla Čamdžić、Erin E. Stache
DOI:10.1002/anie.202308648
日期:2023.10.2
Photothermal conversion enables thermal gradients that facilitate high activation barrier reactions, such as the Newman Kwart Rearrangement. Substrates normally requiring bulk temperatures >250 °C are easily converted via visible light irradiation with short reaction times. Wavelength and intensity tunability enable selective product formation.
光热转换可实现热梯度,从而促进高活化势垒反应,例如纽曼夸特重排。通常需要> 250 °C 整体温度的基材可以通过可见光照射轻松转换,反应时间短。波长和强度的可调性能够选择性地形成产物。
Scaling-Out Pharmaceutical Reactions in an Automated Stop-Flow Microwave Reactor
作者:Jonathan D. Moseley、Emily K. Woodman
DOI:10.1021/op800091p
日期:2008.9.19
Six pharmaceutically relevant reactions were assessed for scale-out in an automated stop-flow microwave reactor. Daily throughputs of between 50 and 250 g were achieved at typical reaction concentrations; for more concentrated reactions, or with 24 h processing, productivity of 0.5-1.5 kg per day was achievable. This study confirms that the stop-flow approach in combination with rapid microwave heating can be equivalent to conventional continuous flow technology with comparable productivities.