Determination of Macronutrients, by Chemical Analysis, of Home-Prepared Milk Feeding Bottles and their Contribution to the Energy and Protein Requirements of Infants from High and Low Socioeconomic Classes
摘要:
Objectives: To determine the macronutrients composition of home-prepared milk feeding bottles, by chemical analysis, and assess their contribution to the energy and protein requirements of children under two years of age from high (HSE) and low (LSE) socioeconomic classes.Methods: 72 samples were analyzed for energy density and protein, fat and carbohydrate content: 41 from the LSE group and 31 from the HSE group. The assessment of the percentages of the energy and protein requirements met by the consumption of the milk bottles was calculated as follows: the energy and protein per 100 mL obtained through chemical analysis were multiplied by the volume consumed at each feeding, then by the number of feedings per day, the results divided by the energy and protein requirements and multiplied by 100. Energy and protein requirements were those recommended by the FAO/WHO/UNU Committee and the Food and Nutrition Board. The children's weight-for-age index was assessed.Results: Unmodified cow's milk was largely consumed by both groups. The addition of sugar and other ingredients to the milk was significantly higher in the LSE group. Moisture, protein and fat content were lower in the LSE group. whereas carbohydrate and energy content were higher. The percentages of energy and protein requirements provided by feeding bottles were higher in the LSE group. Children in the LSE group had lower z-scores for weight-for-age.Conclusions: Differences in the preparation practices led to differences in the chemical results. The feeding bottles in the LSE group were high in energy, due to the addition of sugar and cereals to the milk in the bottle. The milk feeding bottles were an important weaning food providing more than 50% and 100% of the children's energy and protein requirements, respectively. The children's weight-for-age index was within the normal Lb-aits.
Determination of Macronutrients, by Chemical Analysis, of Home-Prepared Milk Feeding Bottles and their Contribution to the Energy and Protein Requirements of Infants from High and Low Socioeconomic Classes
摘要:
Objectives: To determine the macronutrients composition of home-prepared milk feeding bottles, by chemical analysis, and assess their contribution to the energy and protein requirements of children under two years of age from high (HSE) and low (LSE) socioeconomic classes.Methods: 72 samples were analyzed for energy density and protein, fat and carbohydrate content: 41 from the LSE group and 31 from the HSE group. The assessment of the percentages of the energy and protein requirements met by the consumption of the milk bottles was calculated as follows: the energy and protein per 100 mL obtained through chemical analysis were multiplied by the volume consumed at each feeding, then by the number of feedings per day, the results divided by the energy and protein requirements and multiplied by 100. Energy and protein requirements were those recommended by the FAO/WHO/UNU Committee and the Food and Nutrition Board. The children's weight-for-age index was assessed.Results: Unmodified cow's milk was largely consumed by both groups. The addition of sugar and other ingredients to the milk was significantly higher in the LSE group. Moisture, protein and fat content were lower in the LSE group. whereas carbohydrate and energy content were higher. The percentages of energy and protein requirements provided by feeding bottles were higher in the LSE group. Children in the LSE group had lower z-scores for weight-for-age.Conclusions: Differences in the preparation practices led to differences in the chemical results. The feeding bottles in the LSE group were high in energy, due to the addition of sugar and cereals to the milk in the bottle. The milk feeding bottles were an important weaning food providing more than 50% and 100% of the children's energy and protein requirements, respectively. The children's weight-for-age index was within the normal Lb-aits.
Arylsulfonate esters in solid phase organic synthesis. II. Compatibility with commonly-used reaction conditions
作者:Ellen W. Baxter、Jaimie K. Rueter、Samuel O. Nortey、Allen B. Reitz
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10718-3
日期:1998.2
The arylsulfonate ester functionality connecting an alkyl chain to a polystyrene resin is compatible with Grignard additions, stabilized Wittig, sodium borohydride reduction, reductive aminations, acylations and addition of various electrophiles, and Suzuki coupling. Cleavage of the resin-bound substrate with amines and other nucleophiles can provide diverse compound libraries.