Pathogenicity of fungi isolated from Quercus suber in Catalonia (NE Spain)
摘要:
Summary Thirty‐four fungal species isolated from cork oak (Quercus suber) in Catalonia (NE Spain) during 1992–95 were tested for pathogenicity either in stem, leaf or root inoculations. Eleven species were found to be pathogenic on stem: Biscogniauxia mediterranea, Botryosphaeria stevensii, Diatrype cf. stigma, Endothia gyrosa, Fusarium solani, Graphium sp., Ophiostoma quercus, Phomopsis sp., Phytophthora cinnamomi, Sporendocladia bactrospora and an unidentified Coelomycete. Three fungi showed pathogenic effects on leaves: Dendrophoma myriadea, Lembosia quercina and Phomopsis quercella. No clear pathogenic effects were detected in the root inoculation experiment. Trunk pathogens were differentiated into two groups according to the effects induced in the inoculated plants; B. stevensii, Phomopsis sp. and P. cinnamomi caused the death of the inoculated plants and induced the formation of large cankers and vascular necroses. The other pathogenic species also produced severe cankers and vascular lesions, but no significant mortality was detected. Water stress increased the lesions caused by B. mediterranea and Phomopsis sp., but limited those of P. cinnamomi and the rest of the inoculated fungi. However, water stress did not significantly affect the damage caused by B. stevensii, which was the most virulent of the species tested. Leaf pathogens only showed their effects if the leaf cuticle was previously damaged. Lembosia quercina caused small dark lesions whereas D. myriadea and P. quercella produced large necrotic areas in well‐watered plants. The lesions caused by the last two fungi were reduced by water stress.
Synthesis of Linear α,β-Unsaturated Amides from Isocyanates and Alkenylaluminum Reagents
作者:Xiao-Feng Wu、Bo Chen
DOI:10.1055/s-0037-1610753
日期:2020.5
A new approach has been developed for the synthesis of linear α,β-unsaturated amides by the direct coupling of isocyanates with alkenylaluminum reagents. At room temperature, the desired α,β-unsaturated amides were isolated in good to excellent yields with good functional-group tolerance in the absence of any catalyst or additive.
The addition reaction of aryl- and alkenylboronic acids to isocyanates is catalysed by a rhodium(I) complex, affording secondary amides under mild conditions.
Efficient copper-catalyzed Michael addition of acrylic derivatives with primary alcohols in the presence of base
作者:Feng Wang、Haijun Yang、Hua Fu、Zhichao Pei
DOI:10.1039/c2cc37595h
日期:——
A novel and efficient copper-catalyzed Michael addition of acrylic derivatives with primary alcohols in the presence of base has been developed. The protocol uses readily available acrylic derivatives and primary alcohols as the starting materials, inexpensive CuCl2 as the catalyst, and the corresponding addition products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields.
作者:Saumya Verma、Vikram Singh、Jawahar L. Jat、Bhoopendra Tiwari
DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.3c02478
日期:2024.6.7
The Beckmann reaction is one of the most atom-economical methods for the preparation of amides from ketones. Unlike ketones, the multiple competing reactivities of enones as well as the requirement of demanding reaction conditions for in situ generation of oximes have severely impacted the application of this reaction for the preparation of α,β-unsaturated amides. Herein, we describe the first chemoselective
44. Electrolytic reduction of organic compounds. Part I. Analogies between cathodic reduction and the action of dissolving metals. Reduction of sorbic acid