Rubratoxinb

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机酸及其衍生物 - 羧酸及其衍生物
• 英文名称: Rubratoxinb
• 英文别名: (2S)-2-hydroxy-3-[(1S)-1-hydroxyheptyl]-10-[(R)-hydroxy-(6-oxo-2,3-dihydropyran-2-yl)methyl]-6,14-dioxatricyclo[10.3.0.04,8]pentadeca-1(12),4(8)-diene-5,7,13,15-tetrone
• 化学式: C₂₆H₃₀O₁₁
• 分子量: 518.5
• InChiKey: ZJTBTDVZNGBSNG-RAJJBAQQSA-N

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  2
• 重原子数：
  37
• 可旋转键数：
  8
• 环数：
  4.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.58
• 拓扑面积：
  174
• 氢给体数：
  3
• 氢受体数：
  11

ADMET

代谢

除了完成葡萄糖到二氧化碳和水的氧化过程外，三羧酸循环还提供了生物合成一些次级代谢物（包括赤霉毒素）的中间体...第一步涉及癸酸与草酰乙酸的缩合，类似于柠檬酸的形成方式。随后的脱水、脱羧和氧化导致形成一个中间酐，该酐二聚化并在进一步氧化后形成赤霉毒素A。氧气功能是在哪个阶段引入的尚不清楚，特别是，这样的假设将意味着α,β-不饱和γ-内酯的羧基来自于乙酸的甲基碳。/赤霉毒素/

AS WELL AS SERVING TO COMPLETE THE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO CO2 & WATER, THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE ALSO PROVIDES INTERMEDIATES FOR THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF SOME SECONDARY METABOLITES, INCL THE RUBRATOXINS... THE FIRST STEP INVOLVES CONDENSATION OF DECANOIC ACID WITH OXALOACETIC ACID IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO THE FORMATION OF CITRIC ACID. SUBSEQUENT DEHYDRATION, DECARBOXYLATION & OXIDATION LEAD TO AN INTERMEDIATE ANHYDRIDE WHICH DIMERIZES TO FORM, AFTER FURTHER OXIDATION, RUBRATOXIN A. AT WHAT STAGE THE OXYGEN FUNCTIONS ARE INTRODUCED IS NOT CLEAR, &, IN PARTICULAR, SUCH A HYPOTHESIS WOULD MEAN THAT THE CARBOXYL GROUP OF THE ALPHA,BETA-UNSATURATED GAMMA-LACTONE WOULD BE DERIVED FROM THE METHYL CARBON OF ACETATE. /RUBRATOXINS/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

肝脏代谢丽红毒素。存在多种代谢物。在大鼠中，葡萄糖醛酸和硫酸结合物被排入胆汁，显然在小肠中被水解，并且母体毒素可能会通过肠肝循环再次被吸收。也会形成未知的代谢物。/丽红毒素/

THE LIVER METABOLIZES RUBRATOXINS. THERE ARE A NUMBER OF METABOLITES. IN RATS, GLUCURONIDE & SULFATE CONJUGATES ARE EXCRETED IN BILE, APPARENTLY HYDROLYZED IN THE INTESTINE, & THE PARENT TOXIN MAY BE RESORBED IN AN ENTEROHEPATIC CYCLE. UNKNOWN METABOLITES ARE ALSO FORMED. /RUBRATOXINS/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

在用RUBRATOXIN B（25毫克/千克，每周3次，共5周）处理的 rats 中，发现了 RUBRATOXIN B 致死作用的增强证据，但在同期喂食含有 0.1 PPM AFLATOXIN B1 的饮食的 rats 中，并没有发现 AFLATOXIN B1 致癌作用的增强。

EVIDENCE OF POTENTIATION OF THE LETHAL ACTION OF RUBRATOXIN B, BUT NOT THE CARCINOGENIC ACTION OF AFLATOXIN B1, WAS FOUND IN RATS TREATED WITH RUBRATOXIN B (25 MG/KG, 3 TIMES/WK FOR 5 WK) & FED OVER THE SAME PERIOD A DIET CONTAINING 0.1 PPM AFLATOXIN B1.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

在同时给药实验中，使用 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠，当存在 5 毫克/公斤的 rubratoxin B 时，ochratoxin A 对新生儿的 LD50 值比单独的 ochratoxin A 的 LD50 值降低了 16 倍。在 ochratoxin A 的存在下，rubratoxin B 的新生儿 LD50 下降了 4 倍。在实验中，当第一天给予 rubratoxin B 而第 15 天给予 aflatoxin B1 时，体重的减少是由两种剂共同作用而不是单独任何一种剂引起的。然而，当第 1 天给予 aflatoxin B1 或者在先使用 ochratoxin 后使用 rubratoxin 的实验中，并没有显示出协同反应。

IN SIMULTANEOUS DOSING EXPT /WITH SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS/, THE NEONATE LD50 VALUE OF OCHRATOXIN A IN THE PRESENCE OF 5 MG/KG RUBRATOXIN B WAS REDUCED 16-FOLD BELOW THE LD50 VALUE OF OCHRATOXIN A ALONE. THE NEONATE LD50 OF RUBRATOXIN B WAS DECR 4-FOLD IN THE PRESENCE OF OCHRATOXIN. IN EXPT WHEN RUBRATOXIN B WAS ADMIN ON DAY ONE & AFLATOXIN B1 ON DAY 15, DECR WT GAINS WERE MEDIATED BY BOTH AGENTS RATHER THAN BY EITHER AGENT ALONE. A SYNERGISTIC RESPONSE, HOWEVER, WAS NOT DEMONSTRATED WHEN AFLATOXIN B1 WAS GIVEN ON DAY 1 OR IN EXPT USING OCHRATOXIN FOLLOWED BY RUBRATOXIN.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

使用丙二醇作为溶剂，雄性小鼠的急性经口LD50估计为1.42毫克/千克。预先使用戊巴比妥钠丸剂可以减少毒性约42%，而去势或预先使用SKF-525A分别增加毒性20%和60%。红毒素B增强了戊巴比妥诱导的中枢神经系统抑制作用，并增强了戊巴比妥的低体温效应。在另一项实验中...预先使用戊巴比妥可以减少毒性约20%，而SKF-525A预处理增加毒性近50%。二乙基马来酸预处理也显示出增加的毒性，这表明谷胱甘肽具有保护作用。这些数据表明，增加混合功能氧化酶活性与减少红毒素B毒性有关，进一步暗示红毒素B而非代谢物是活性形式。

USING PROPYLENE GLYCOL AS THE SOLVENT, THE ACUTE IP LD50 IN MALE MICE WAS EST AT 1.42 MG/KG. PRETREATMENT WITH SC PELLETS OF PENTOBARBITAL REDUCED TOXICITY APPROX 42% WHILE CASTRATION OR PRETREATMENT WITH SKF-525A INCR TOXICITY 20% & 60%, RESPECTIVELY. RUBRATOXIN B POTENTIATED PENTOBARBITAL-INDUCED /SRP: CNS DEPRESSION/ & ENHANCED PENTOBARBITAL HYPOTHERMIA. /IN ANOTHER EXPT/...PRETREATMENT WITH PENTOBARBITAL REDUCED TOXICITY APPROX 20% WHILE SKF-525A PRETREATMENT INCR TOXICITY NEARLY 50%. DIETHYL MALEATE PRETREATMENT ALSO DEMONSTRATED ENHANCED TOXICITY, SUGGESTING A PROTECTIVE ACTION OF GLUTATHIONE. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT INCR MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASE ACTIVITY IS ASSOC WITH DECR RUBRATOXIN B TOXICITY, FURTHER IMPLYING THAT RUBRATOXIN B & NOT A METABOLITE IS THE ACTIVE FORM.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

单独使用鲁布腊毒素以及与黄曲霉毒素联合口服给予豚鼠3周...产生的死亡率高于单独使用鲁布腊毒素所产生的。

THE EFFECTS OF RUBRATOXIN ALONE IN COMBINATION WITH AFLATOXIN GIVEN ORALLY TO GUINEA PIGS...FOR 3 WK PRODUCED MORTALITY HIGHER THAN PRODUCED BY RUBRATOXIN ALONE.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 基本治疗：建立专利气道。如有必要，进行吸痰。观察呼吸不足的迹象，如有需要，协助通气。通过非循环呼吸面罩以10至15升/分钟的速度给予氧气。监测肺水肿，如有必要，进行治疗……监测休克，如有必要，进行治疗……预计可能出现癫痫，如有必要，进行治疗……对于眼睛污染，立即用水冲洗眼睛。在转运过程中，用生理盐水连续冲洗每只眼睛……不要使用催吐剂。对于摄入，如果患者能够吞咽，有强烈的干呕反射，并且不流口水，用水冲洗口腔，并给予5毫升/千克，最多200毫升的水进行稀释……在去污后，用干无菌敷料覆盖皮肤烧伤……/毒药A和B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

分泌模式由来自标记有放射性示踪剂的rubratoxin B的(14)C产生...在小鼠和大鼠中...在最初的24小时内，分泌了40-50%的施用放射性。一个主要的排泄途径是呼吸CO2，在小鼠中占施用(14)C的30%，在大鼠中占35%。6到9%通过尿液排出;粪便中的放射性活性较少。来自rubratoxin的放射性活性在施用后一小时内以最大水平出现在肝脏和肾脏中;其他器官中发现了较小的量。放射性活性的浓度在肝组织中最高。

EXCRETION PATTERNS OF (14)C DERIVED FROM RADIOLABELED RUBRATOXIN B...IN MICE & RATS...EXCRETED 40-50% OF THE ADMIN RADIOACTIVITY DURING THE INITIAL 24 HR. A MAJOR EXCRETORY ROUTE WAS RESP CO2 WHICH ACCOUNTED FOR 30% OF THE ADMIN (14)C IN MICE & 35% IN RATS. 6 TO 9% WAS EXCRETED IN THE URINE; LESS RADIOACTIVITY WAS PRESENT IN FECES. RADIOACTIVITY DERIVED FROM RUBRATOXIN WAS PRESENT AT MAX LEVELS IN LIVER & KIDNEYS ONE HR AFTER ADMIN; SMALLER AMT WERE FOUND IN OTHER ORGANS. THE CONCN OF RADIOACTIVITY WAS GREATEST IN LIVER TISSUE.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

源自放射性标记的RUBRATOXIN B（14）C的排泄模式...在小鼠和大鼠中。 ...在注射后1/2小时内，所有可检测到的放射性都存在于微粒体上清液中。在前2小时内，线粒体中的放射性物质逐渐增加，而微粒体上清液中的放射性物质相应减少。在24小时时，线粒体部分含有大约14%的肝脏放射性，而80%的放射性仍留在溶液部分。在24小时期间，微粒体部分含有4%到10%的肝脏放射性。

EXCRETION PATTERNS OF (14)C DERIVED FROM RADIOLABELED RUBRATOXIN B...IN MICE & RATS. ...ALL DETECTABLE RADIOACTIVITY PRESENT IN THE LIVER 1/2 HR AFTER INJECTION WAS IN THE MICROSOMAL SUPERNATANT FLUID. WITHIN THE FIRST 2 HR, INCR AMT OF RADIOACTIVITY WERE FOUND IN THE MITOCHONDRIA WITH A CONCOMITANT DECR IN THE MICROSOMAL SUPERNATANT FLUID. AT 24 HR, THE MITOCHONDRIAL FRACTION CONTAINED APPROX 14% OF THE LIVER RADIOACTIVITY WITH 80% REMAINING IN THE SOL FRACTION. THE MICROSOMAL FRACTION CONTAINED 4 TO 10% OF THE LIVER RADIOACTIVITY DURING THE 24-HR PERIOD.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

排泄、肾脏和肝脏组织浓度以及从血浆浓度估算的药代动力学参数对单次静脉注射(14)C-红毒素B的大鼠进行了测定（0.05毫克溶于丙二醇中）。到第7天，80%的管理放射性已排泄入尿液（41.7%）和粪便（38.7%）。尿液排泄主要是原型化合物，占7天内排泄的放射性的75%。肾脏中放射性物质的消除是单相的，半衰期为97.35小时。肝脏中放射性物质的消除是双相的，慢相的半衰期为13.66小时。红毒素B及其衍生放射性物质（来自原型化合物和代谢物）从血浆中的消除是双相的。消除的快速相的半衰期为2.57和1.08小时，慢相的半衰期为60.80和100.46小时，分别对应红毒素B和(14)C-红毒素B衍生放射性物质。长的血浆半衰期提示存在肠肝循环。放射性物质浓度在肝脏中最高的是1小时，在血浆中是2小时。除了注射后的最初几小时外，肝脏中的放射性物质浓度从未显著超过血浆中的浓度，这表明存在被动吸收过程。

EXCRETION, TISSUE CONCN IN KIDNEY & LIVER, & PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS ESTIMATED FROM PLASMA BLOOD CONCN WERE DETERMINED FOR RATS GIVEN A SINGLE IP DOSE OF (14)C-RUBRATOXIN B (0.05 MG DISSOLVED IN PROPYLENE GLYCOL). BY 7 DAYS, 80% OF ADMIN RADIOACTIVITY WAS EXCRETED INTO THE URINE (41.7%) & FECES (38.7%). URINARY EXCRETION WAS PRIMARILY AS THE PARENT COMPOUND, ACCOUNTING FOR 75% OF RADIOACTIVITY EXCRETED BY 7 DAYS. ELIMINATION OF RADIOACTIVITY FROM KIDNEYS WAS MONOPHASIC WITH T/2 OF 97.35 HR. ELIMINATION OF RADIOACTIVITY FROM LIVER WAS BIPHASIC, WITH T/2 OF 13.66 HR FOR THE SLOW PHASE. ELIMINATION OF RUBRATOXIN B & (14)C-RUBRATOXIN B-DERIVED RADIOACTIVITY (RADIOACTIVITY DERIVED FROM BOTH THE PARENT COMPOUND & METABOLITES) FROM PLASMA WAS BIPHASIC. THE RAPID PHASES OF ELIMINATION HAD T/2 OF 2.57 & 1.08 HR, & SLOW PHASES HAD T/2 OF 60.80 & 100.46 HR FOR RUBRATOXIN B & (14)C-RUBRATOXIN B-DERIVED RADIOACTIVITY RESPECTIVELY. THE LONG PLASMA T/2 IS SUGGESTIVE OF ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION. THE CONCN OF RADIOACTIVITY WAS GREATEST AT 1 HR IN LIVER & 2 HR IN PLASMA. EXCEPT FOR THE FIRST FEW HR FOLLOWING INJECTION, THE CONCN OF RADIOACTIVITY IN LIVER NEVER EXCEEDED SIGNIFICANTLY THAT IN THE PLASMA, SUGGESTING A PASSIVE ABSORPTION PROCESS.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)