Stereodependence of the Effect of α Substituents on the Face Reactivity of Conformationally Rigid Ketones toward Metal Hydrides. Is There an Antiperiplanar (Cieplak) Effect?
摘要:
The relative rates of hydride addition to the carbonyl group of the conformationally fixed bridged biaryl ketone, 1, and its alpha derivatives bearing methyl, methylthio, methoxy, chloro, and fluoro substituents in axial-like and equatorial-like orientations have been measured for three different reactions. The derived rate constants were partitioned, on the basis of diastereoselectivity, to provide reactivities for each face antiperiplanar to the axial substituents and anticlinal to the equatorial substituents. These face reactivities gave reasonably linear correlations with the inductive substituent parameter, sigma(I). The strength of the inductive effects as indicated by the slopes of the Taft plots were large and positive, small and positive, and negative for the reductions involving lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, and triethylsilane, respectively. The substituent effects on face reactivity and their stereodependencies failed to follow either the theory of Cieplak or that of Anh. The major influences of substituents can be explained on the basis of through-bond interactions with the transition state and the differences between axial and equatorial effects on electrostatic (through-space) interactions with the transition state.
Experimental and theoretical studies of acid-catalyzed oxygen-18 exchange rates of conformationally rigid ketones. Is the antiperiplanar effect important?
摘要:
The relative rates for the acid-catalyzed addition of (H2O)-H-18 to the carbonyl group of the conformationally fixed bridged biaryl ketone, 1, and several derivatives bearing methyl, chloro, and methoxy substituents in axial-like and equatorial-like orientations have been measured. The effects of axial-versus diaxial-like methyl and chloro substituents produce rate decreases which are consistent with the antiperiplanar (hyperconjugative) interaction proposed by Cieplak; however, the negligible influence of a methoxy group when antiperiplanar is not consistent. Theoretical calculations suggest an unsymmetrical structure for the transition state. On the basis of this structure, the results may be rationalized by a large steric interaction for the first axial methyl or chloro substituent (synperiplanar to the nucleophile) and a small one for the second (antiperiplanar) substituent. An axial methoxy can stabilize the transition state by hydrogen bonding when syn but can only exert the observed small steric retardation in the transition state involving antiperiplanar attack.
On apporte la preuve que l'interaction n-σ + entre le nucleophile (eau) et une liaison C-C antiperiplanaire est au moins 1,9 kcal/mol plus forte que celle avec une liaison C-H antiperiplanaire. Ceci est en accord avec les calculs theoriques de Anh et Eisenstein et le modele de Felkin pour l'induction asymetrique-1,2
在 apporte la preuve que l'interaction n-σ + entre le le nucleophile (eau) et une liaison CC antiperiplanaire est au moins 1,9 kcal/mol plus forte que celle avec une liaison CH antiperiplanaire。Ceci est en Agreement avec les calculs theoriques de Anh et Eisenstein et le modele de Felkin pour l'induction asymetrique-1,2