γ2-,γ3-, andγ2,3,4-Amino Acids, Coupling toγ-Hexapeptides: CD Spectra, NMR Solution and X-ray Crystal Structures ofγ-Peptides
作者:Dieter Seebach、Meinrad Brenner、Magnus Rueping、Bernhard Jaun
DOI:10.1002/1521-3765(20020201)8:3<573::aid-chem573>3.0.co;2-h
日期:2002.2.1
There are numerous possible gamma-amino acids with different degrees of substitution and with various constitutions and configurations. Of these the gamma(4)-and the like- and unlike-gamma(2.4)-amino acids have been previously used as building blocks in gamma-peptides. The synthesis of gamma(2)-, gamma(3)-, and gamma(2.3.4) peptides is now described. The corresponding amino acids have been prepared by Michael addition of chiral N-acyl-oxazolidinone enolates to nitro-olefins, with subsequent reduction of the NO2 to NH2 groups. Such additions to E-2-methyl-nitropropene provide (2R,3R,4R)-2-alkyl-3-methyl-4amino-pentanoic acid derivatives (9, 10, 11). Stepwise coupling and fragment coupling lead to gamma-di-, tri-, and hexapeptides (12-23), which were fully characterized. The crystal structures of one of the gamma-amino acids (2,3-dimethyl-4-amino-pentanoic acid .HCl, 9 a), of a gamma(2.3.4)-di- and a gamma(2.3.4)-tetrapeptide (20, 22) are described, and the NMR solution structure in MeOH of a gamma(2.3.4)-hexapeptide (3) has been determined (using TOCSY, COSY, HSQC, HMBC and ROESY measurements and a molecular dynamics simulated-annealing protocol). A linear conformation (sheet-like), a novel (M) helix built of nine-membered hydrogen-bonded rings, and (M) 2.6(14) helices have thus been identified. NMR measurements at different temperatures (298-393 K) and H/D-exchange rates obtained for the y(2.3.4)- -hexapeptide are interpreted as evidence for the stability of the 2.6(14) helix (no "melting") and for its non-cooperative folding mechanism. CD Spectra of the gamma-peptides have been measured in MeOH and CH3CN, indicating that only the protected and unprotected y(2.3.4)-hexapeptide is present as the 2.614 helix in solution. The structures of the gamma(2)- and gamma(3)-hexapeptides (1, 2) could not be determined.