Characterisation of a dipolar chromophore with third-harmonic generation applications in the near-IR
作者:Yulia A. Getmanenko、Joel M. Hales、Mihaela Balu、Jie Fu、Egbert Zojer、Ohyun Kwon、Jeffrey Mendez、S. Thayumanavan、Gregory Walker、Qing Zhang、Scott D. Bunge、Jean-Luc Brédas、David J. Hagan、Eric W. Van Stryland、Stephen Barlow、Seth R. Marder
DOI:10.1039/c2jm15599k
日期:——
E-2-Tricyanovinyl-3-n-hexyl-5-[4-bis(4-n-butylphenyl)amino}-2-methoxystyryl]-thiophene, 1, has previously been used to demonstrate applications relying on frequency tripling of 1.55 μm light. Here we report the synthesis and chemical characterisation of 1, along with quantum-chemical calculations and additional experimental investigations of its third-order nonlinear properties that give more insight into its frequency tripling properties. Although 1 can be processed into amorphous films, crystals can also be grown by slow evaporation of solutions; the crystal structure determined by X-ray diffraction shows evidence of significant contributions from zwitterionic resonance forms to the ground-state structure, and reveals centrosymmetric packing exhibiting π–π and C–H⋯NC interactions. Both solutions and films of 1 exhibit near-infrared two-photon absorption into the low-lying one-photon-allowed state with a peak two-photon cross-section of ca. 290 GM (measured using the white-light continuum method with a pump wavelength of 1800 nm) at a transition energy equivalent to degenerate two-photon absorption at ca. 1360 nm; two related chromophores are also found to show comparable near-IR two-photon cross-sections. Closed-aperture Z-scan measurements and quantum-chemical calculations indicate that the nonlinear refractive index and third-harmonic generation properties of 1 are strongly dependent on frequency in the telecommunications range, due the aforementioned two-photon resonance.
E-2-三氰基乙烯基-3-正己基-5-[4-双(4-正丁基苯基)氨基}-2-甲氧基苯乙烯基]-噻吩 1 以前曾被用于演示 1.55 μm 光的频率倍增应用。在此,我们报告了 1 的合成和化学特性,同时还对其三阶非线性特性进行了量子化学计算和额外的实验研究,从而对其频率三倍特性有了更深入的了解。虽然 1 可以加工成无定形薄膜,但也可以通过缓慢蒸发溶液来生长晶体;通过 X 射线衍射确定的晶体结构显示,齐聚共振形式对基态结构有重大贡献,并揭示了呈现 π-π 和 C-H⋯NC 相互作用的中心对称堆积。1 的溶液和薄膜都显示出进入低洼单光子允许态的近红外双光子吸收,其峰值双光子截面约为 290 GM(使用白光连续法测量,泵浦波长为 1800 nm),过渡能量相当于约 1360 nm 处的退化双光子吸收。两种相关的发色团也显示出相似的近红外双光子截面。封闭孔径 Z 扫描测量和量子化学计算表明,由于上述双光子共振,1 的非线性折射率和三次谐波产生特性在电信范围内与频率密切相关。