Considerable research has been done on the metabolism of monoterpenes. After dermal and/or oral absorption, liver P450 mono-oxygenases are involved in biotransformation. Subsequently, 60-80% of absorbed monoterpenes are excreted as glucuronides.
In vitro pharmacological interactions between TTO and conventional antimicrobials (ciprofloxacin.amphotericin B) when used in combination were investigated. Interactions of TTO when combined with ciprofloxacin against S. aureus indicate mainly antagonistic profiles. The interactions of TTO with amphotericin B indicate mainly antagonistic profiles when tested against C. albicans. The authors concluded that the predominant antagonistic interactions noted, suggest that therapies with TTO should be used with caution when combined with antibiotics.
Molluscum contagiosum is a common childhood viral skin condition and is increasingly found as a sexually transmitted disease in adults. Current treatment options are invasive, requiring tissue destruction and attendant discomfort. Fifty-three children (mean age 6.3+5.1 years) with the diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum were treated with twice daily topical application of either essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO), a combination of TTO and organically bound iodine (TTO-I), or iodine alone. At the end of 30 days, 48 children were available for follow up. A greater than 90% reduction in the number of lesions was observed in 16 of 19 children treated with TTO-I, while 1 of 16 and 3 of 18 children met the same criteria for improvement in the iodine and TTO groups (P<0.01, ANOVA) respectively by intention-to-treat analysis. No child discontinued treatment due to adverse events. The combination of essential oil of M. alternifolia with organically bound iodine offers a safe therapeutic alternative in the treatment of childhood molluscum.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Tea tree oil (TTO) is colorless or pale yellow in color and has an earthy spicy odor. It is derived from the leaves of the tea tree and has been used medicinally for centuries by the aboriginal people of Australia. Today, TTO is often used externally as a folk or traditional remedy for a number of conditions including acne, athlete's foot, nail fungus, wounds, and infections, lice, oral candidiasis (thrush), cold sores, dandruff, and skin lesions. It is also used as a flavoring and antiseptic agent in personal hygiene items such as toothpaste, and in perfumery. In addition there is an increasing interest for using this oil in aroma therapy. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: TTO should not be swallowed. Poisonings, mainly in children, have caused drowsiness, disorientation, rash, and ataxia (loss of muscle control in the arms and legs causing a lack of balance and coordination). One patient went into a coma after drinking half a cup of TTO. Adverse skin reactions such as smarting pain, mild pruritus, burning sensation, irritation, itching, stinging, erythema, edema and allergic reactions have been reported; the frequency is not known. Burn-like skin reaction has been reported; the frequency is rare. For many years, 1,8-cineole was regarded as an undesirable constituent in TTO due to its reputation as a skin and mucous membrane irritant. However, other studies suggested that this component is not responsible for a large proportion of sensitivity reactions. Oxidation products are the likely allergens. Since oxidized TTO appears to be a more potent allergen than fresh TTO, human adverse reactions may be minimized by reducing exposure to aged, oxidized oil. TTO and components of TTO were tested on several human cell lines in vitro. Cytotoxicity with 100% TTO ranged from 0.02 to 2.8 g/L, with epithelial-like cells being the most robust, and liver-derived cells being the most susceptible. These data suggest that topical use of TTO is suitable, as epithelial cell seem to be the most resistant cells to its potential cytotoxicity. Topical use of diluted tea tree oil is generally considered safe for most adults. However, one case study reported a young boy who had developed breast growth after using a styling gel and shampoo that contained both lavender oil and tea tree oil. ANIMAL STUDIES: Rats receiving 1.5 g/kg of TTO or more appeared lethargic and ataxic 72 hours post dose. By day 4 all but one animal at this dose had regained locomotor function. No deaths or toxic effects were reported in a 30 days-skin irritation study in rabbits using a 25% TTO in liquid paraffin other than slight initial irritation. TTO had no mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains and in Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA strain, with and without metabolic activation. TTO was not active in Mouse Micronucleus Assay in vivo. TTO toxicosis has been reported when the oil was applied on derma of dogs and cats, in most cases, the oil was used to treat dermatologic conditions at inappropriate high doses. The typical signs observed were depression, weakness, incoordination, and muscle tremors. Treatment of clinical signs and supportive care was sufficient to achieve recovery without sequelae within 2-3 days. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: TTO is toxic to some insect species. For example, TTO interferes with the ant's antennae signals and they are unable to transmit or receive information from other ants.
/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Hydrocarbon Blends, Mixtures, and Related Compounds/
/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Hydrocarbon Blends, Mixtures, and Related Compounds/
It has been postulated from the high lipophilicity of its components that TTO is likely to be rapidly and completely absorbed from the skin and mucous membranes. On the other hand, in vitro experiments indicated that, after application of TTO to human epidermal membranes mounted in diffusion cells in the pure form and as a 20% solution in ethanol, only a small proportion of the applied amount (2-4% and 1.1-1.9% respectively) penetrated into or through human epidermis.
The major compound of TTO, terpinen-4-ol, is able to permeate human epidermis. The permeation depends on the applied preparation whereas a semisolid O/W emulsion or an ointment is superior to a cream.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
安全信息
危险品标志：
Xn,Xi
安全说明：
S26
危险类别码：
R22,R36/37/38
WGK Germany：
3
制备方法与用途
根据您提供的信息，以下是关于茶树精油的一些关键点总结：
提取工艺：
水蒸气蒸馏法：工业生产中常用此方法。
溶剂萃取法：以乙醇为溶剂，得油率高于水蒸气蒸馏法，常用于植物品种的比较和筛选。
使用建议与注意事项：
茶树精油透明且挥发快，使用时需小心皮肤敏感问题。
完全禁止内服纯茶树精油。
对于敏感或受损肌肤，建议稀释使用100%纯度茶树精油。
使用方法：
直接使用：用于治疗严重青春痘等皮肤问题。
调和使用：可加入面膜、护肤品中，进行面部护理及痘痘调理。
制备过程简述：
称取互叶白千层枝叶并溶于正己烷中；
通过微波辅助萃取出精油成分；
使用旋转蒸发仪浓缩提取液；
冷冻处理去除杂质，最终获得纯净茶树油。
食品添加剂相关：
茶树油可用于食品用香料的配制。
在GB 2760标准中，各香料成分的最大允许使用量和最大残留量需符合相关规定。
通过以上信息可以更好地了解茶树精油的应用范围、提取工艺以及安全使用注意事项。
文献信息
Lubricating oil composition
申请人：Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corporation
公开号：EP0995789A2
公开（公告）日：2000-04-26
A lubricating oil composition having an excellent sludge formation inhibiting effect and being suitable for use as an engine oil is provided. The lubricating oil composition includes: a lubricating base oil, (A) 0.5 to 20 % by mass of acylated bissuccinimide, (B) 0.05 to 0.3 % by mass of zinc dithiophosphate in terms of the phosphorus content, and (C) 0.5 to 4.0 % by mass of metallic detergent in terms of the sulfated ash content, based on the total mass of the composition.
A transmission oil composition for an automobile characterized in that it contains a base oil selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, a synthetic oil and mixtures thereof; and a phosphate compound selected from the group consisting of (A) a zinc dithiophosphate having a hydrocarbon group, (B) a triaryl phosphate (C) a triaryl thiophosphate, and mixtures thereof at 0.1 to 15.0 % by mass with respect to the total composition; wherein the composition has a volume resistivity of 1 x 107 ohm·m or more at 80°C.
LUBRICATING OIL COMPOSITION FOR AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
申请人：Nippon Oil Corporation
公开号：EP1422287A1
公开（公告）日：2004-05-26
A lubricating oil composition for automatic transmissions wherein the mass ratio of phosphorus : calcium : boron : sulfur determined by elemental analysis is 1 : (0.1 to 2) : (0.06 to 2) : (0.2 to 20), the concentration of phosphorus is from 0.01 to 0.06 percent by mass, the concentration of the sulfur derived from a base oil is from 0 to 0.1 percent by mass, and the concentration of the sulfur derived from sulfur-based additives is from 0.01 to 0.15 percent by mass, based on the total amount of the composition. The lubricating oil composition can prevent the occurrence of scratch phenomenon even over a long period of time when used in a metal belt type continuously variable automatic transmission.
