硼烷
硼烷又称硼氢化合物，是由硼和氢两种元素形成的一系列化合物的总称。简单的硼烷通常是无色且具有难闻臭味的剧毒物质，在空气中极易自燃，生成氧化硼。
随着硼原子数的增加，硼烷的状态从气态（如乙硼烷）逐渐转变为液态（如戊硼烷），最终变成固态（如癸硼烷）。截至目前，人们已经制备出20多种硼烷。这些化合物分为两类，其通式分别为：BnHR+4 (n≥2)，例如乙硼烷（B2H6）、戊硼烷-9 （B5H9）和十六硼烷（B16H20）；以及 BnHR+6 (n≥3)，如丙硼烷（B3H9）、戊硼烷-11（B5H11）和壬硼烷（B9H15）。几乎所有硼烷都具有难闻的臭味。低级硼烷在空气中非常活泼，容易自燃、水解、卤化或胺化。
乙硼烷是用量最多且最重要的硼烷，工业上通过三氟化硼与氢化锂在乙醚中反应制得。其他硼烷可通过乙硼烷在不同温度下的热分解获得。由于其燃烧时释放大量热量，硼烷可用作火箭和导弹的高能燃料。此外，它还可用于金属或陶瓷零件处理、橡胶交联以及有机物硼氢化反应中的还原剂。
尽管硼烷用途广泛且重要，但它们具有剧毒性。吸入乙硼烷可能损害肺部，而癸硼烷可能导致心脏功能衰退；高级硼烷则可能对中枢神经系统、肝脏和肾脏造成损害。因此，在使用时必须格外小心。
相关化合物
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-(2-碘苯基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧环戊硼烷 | 2-(2-iodophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 857934-82-8 | C12H16BIO2 |
| 2-(2-溴苯基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二杂氧戊硼烷 | 2-(2-bromophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 269410-06-2 | C12H16BBrO2 |
| 2-(2-(4-溴)丙-1-烯-1-基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼烷 | (E)-2-(2-(4-bromophenyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 1398771-27-1 | C15H20BBrO2 |
| 2-(2-(4-氯)丙-1-烯-1-基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼烷 | (Z)-2-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 1187525-05-8 | C15H20BClO2 |
| 2-(2-(3-氟苯基)丙-1-烯-1-基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼烷 | (E)-2-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)prop-1-enyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 1398771-28-2 | C15H20BFO2 |
| 1H-吲唑-4-硼酸频哪醇酯 | 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-indazole | 885618-33-7 | C13H17BN2O2 |
| 1-甲基-o-二碳杂闭式十二硼烷 | 1-Methyl-o-carborane | 16872-10-9 | C3H4B10 |
| 1-甲基-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂戊硼烷-2-基)-1H-吡唑 | 1-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole | 761446-44-0 | C10H17BN2O2 |
| 1-溴甲基-o-蒈硼烷 | 1-Bromomethyl-o-carborane | 19496-84-5 | C3H3B10Br |
| 1-异丙基邻碳硼烷 | 1-ISOPROPYL-O-CARBORANE | 13569-38-5 | C5H18B10 |
| 1-(2-甲氧基乙基)-4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二噁硼烷-2-基)-1H-吡唑 | 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole | 847818-71-7 | C12H21BN2O3 |
| 1,7-卡巴多司癸硼烷(12)-1,7-二甲醇 | 1,7-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-M-carborane | 23924-78-9 | C4H6B10O2 |
| 1,12-二碳杂十二硼烷 | 1,12-Dicarbadodecaborane(12) | 20644-12-6 | C2H2B10 |
| (二甲基苯硅烷基)硼酸频那醇酯 | dimethylphenyl(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)silane | 185990-03-8 | C14H23BO2Si |
| (S,S)-1,2-双[(叔丁基)甲基膦]乙烷合双硼烷 | (S,S)-1,2-Bis[boranato(tert-butyl)methylphosphino]ethane | 203000-48-0 | C12H28B2P2 |
| (S)-异松蒎基硼烷四甲基乙二胺络合物 | 68297-74-5 | C26H50B2N2 | |
| (S)-2-苯基-CBS-恶唑硼烷 | (S)-2,5,5-triphenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]-[1,3,2]oxazaborolidine | 131180-90-0 | C23H22BNO |
| (S)-2-甲基-CBS-恶唑硼烷 | (S)-1-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole | 112022-81-8 | C18H20BNO |
| (S)-2-(O-甲基)苯-CBS-恶唑硼烷 | tri-otolylboroxine | 463941-07-3 | C24H24BNO |
| (R)-2-苯基-CBS-恶唑硼烷 | (R)-tetrahydro-1,3,3-triphenyl-1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole | 145238-45-5 | C23H22BNO |
| (R)-2-羟基-alpha-[(甲基氨基)甲基]-1,3,2-苯并二氧杂戊硼烷-5-甲醇 | Epinephryl borate | 5579-16-8 | C9H12BNO4 |
| (R)-2-甲基-CBS-恶唑硼烷 | (3aR)-1-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole | 112022-83-0 | C18H20BNO |
| (R)-2-(O-甲基)苯-CBS-恶唑硼烷 | (R)-2-(o-methyl)phenyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine | 865812-10-8 | C24H24BNO |
| (AR,3AS,4S,6S,7AR)-ALPHA-乙基六氢-3A,5,5-三甲基-4,6-甲桥-1,3,2-苯并二氧硼烷-2-甲胺三氟乙酸盐 | (R)-BoroAbu-(+)-Pinanediol-CF3CO2H | 208521-43-1 | C16H27BF3NO4 |
| (4R)-2-甲基-4,5,5-三苯基-1,3,2-恶唑硼烷 | (4R)-2-methyl-4,5,5-triphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine | 155268-88-5 | C21H20BNO |
| (4-乙氧羰基甲苯基)硼酸片钠醇酯 | ethyl 2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)acetate | 859169-20-3 | C16H23BO4 |
| (-)-二异松蒎基硼烷 | Bis((1R,2S,3R,5R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-yl)borane | 21932-54-7 | C20H34B |
| (-)-二异松蒎基氯硼烷 | (+)-B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane | 112246-73-8 | C20H34BCl |
| (-)-N-十二基-N-甲基麻黄碱溴化物 | (-)-N-dodecyl-N-methylephedrinium bromide | 57155-63-2 | Br*C23H42NO |
| (-)-B-甲氧基二异松莰基硼烷 | (-)-B-methoxy-diisopinocamphenylborane | 85134-98-1 | C21H37BO |
| (+)-蒎烷硼烷 | Pinanediol borane | 90084-43-8 | C10H18BO2 |
| (+)-二异松蒎烯基硼烷 | L-diisopinocampheylborane | 21947-87-5 | C20H35B |
| (+)-二异松蒎基氯硼烷 | B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane | 112246-73-8 | C20H34BCl |
| (+)- B -甲氧基二异松莰基硼烷 | methoxy-bis[(2S,3R)-2,6,6-trimethyl-3-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl]borane | 99438-28-5 | C21H37BO |
| —— | S-alpine-borane | 42371-63-1 | C18H31B |
| —— | 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(3-phenylprop-1-en-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 251928-75-3 | C15H21BO2 |
| —— | 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(1-(p-tolyl)vinyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 1404192-78-4 | C15H21BO2 |
| —— | N,N-diethylamine-borane | 2670-68-0 | C4H14BN |
| —— | dicyclohexylamine borane | 131765-96-3 | C12H26BN |
| —— | 6,6’-(N,N’-2-octyldodecyl)-pinacoldiboronisoindigo | 1563062-80-5 | C68H112B2N2O6 |
| —— | tris(4-pyridylduryl)borane | 1046498-57-0 | C45H48BN3 |
| —— | (+)-pinanediol (R)-1-amino-2-phenylethane-1-boronate trifluoroacetate salt | 514820-49-6 | C2HF3O2*C18H26BNO2 |
| —— | Diisopropylamine borane | 55124-35-1 | C6H15BN |
| —— | 1,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-ortho-carborane | 19610-37-8 | C4H16B10O2 |
| —— | 1,2-Dicarbadodecaborane(12), 1-(bromomethyl)- | 19496-84-5 | C3H13B10Br |
| —— | 1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) | 20644-12-6 | C2H12B10 |
| —— | 1-methyl-ortho-carborane | 16872-10-9 | C3H14B10 |
| —— | (+)-Ipc<sub>2</sub>BOMe | 85134-98-1 | C21H37BO |
| —— | 3999-42-6 | C7H10BN | |
| —— | Boron, trihydro(2-methyl-2-propanamine)-, (T-4)- | 7337-45-3 | C4H11BN |
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