dilithium;carbonate

• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机酸及其衍生物 - 有机碳酸及其衍生物
• 英文名称: dilithium;carbonate
• 化学式: CLi2O3
• 分子量: 73.9
• InChiKey: XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -8.44
• 重原子数：
  6
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  63.2
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  3

ADMET

代谢

碳酸锂在排泄前不被代谢。

Lithium carbonate is not metabolized before excretion.

来源:DrugBank

毒理性

• 在妊娠和哺乳期间的影响

◉ 母乳喂养期间使用概要：锂通过母乳排出和婴儿血清中的浓度变化很大。尽管在某些药物禁忌母乳喂养的清单中锂出现，但许多来源并不认为在健康足月婴儿中是绝对禁忌，特别是在2个月以上的婴儿和单一锂疗法期间。有许多报告显示，在母亲锂疗法期间母乳喂养的婴儿没有出现任何毒性或发育问题的迹象。大多数从出生就开始母乳喂养，有些在母亲锂疗法期间持续哺乳长达1年。一些报告表明，当锂的消除受阻，如脱水、新生儿或早产儿时，母乳中的锂可能会对婴儿产生急性不利影响。新生儿也可能通过胎盘获得血清锂水平。这些婴儿的锂水平会下降，无论他们是否母乳喂养，尽管纯母乳喂养的婴儿血清水平可能下降得更慢。锂对婴儿的长期影响尚不确定，但有限的数据表明在生长和发育方面没有明显问题。 锂可以在愿意并能够监测其婴儿的母亲中使用。由于母亲锂的需求和剂量可能在怀孕期间增加，因此产后应频繁监测母亲血清水平并在必要时减少剂量，以避免通过母乳使婴儿过度暴露。在剖宫产前24至48小时或自发分娩开始时停止锂，并在分娩后立即恢复怀孕前的锂剂量，可以最小化婴儿出生时的血清锂浓度。一些研究者建议在母乳喂养和母亲锂疗法期间，以“定期”到每4到12周不等的间隔监测婴儿血清锂、血清肌酐、BUN和TSH。一组建议在混合喂养的婴儿出生后2天和10天监测母亲和婴儿的血清锂，对于纯母乳喂养的婴儿，在出生后30天和60天额外监测。一项系统回顾建议只在出生后10天监测婴儿锂血清水平、甲状腺和肾功能测试，然后只有在婴儿血清锂为0.3 mEq/L或更高，或者出现临床毒性迹象时。然而，其他人建议对婴儿进行密切的儿科随访，只有在临床上由不寻常的行为、不安、喂养困难、镇静或异常生长和发育指示时才进行选择性实验室监测（即血清锂、TSH、BUN）。早产儿、脱水或感染的婴儿应接受补水并评估锂毒性。如果婴儿血清锂水平升高，减少母乳喂养的百分比可以降低它。 ◉ 对母乳喂养婴儿的影响：在旧报告中，至少有24名婴儿在母亲锂疗法期间母乳喂养，没有出现任何毒性或发育问题的迹象。所有从出生就开始母乳喂养，有些在母亲锂疗法期间持续哺乳长达6个月。 一名5天大的婴儿出现发绀、乏力、ECG T波倒置，可能是由于母乳中的锂引起。母亲在分娩前曾接受长效利尿剂氯噻嗪，这可能会减少婴儿的锂消除并增加新生儿的锂血清水平。另一例可能的婴儿锂中毒仅在婴儿感冒后出现，这可能导致脱水和减少锂排泄。另外两名婴儿在8周和4周大时，锂暴露开始于怀孕期间，分别出现了轻微的促甲状腺激素（TSH）水平升高。在停止母亲锂治疗的一例中，促甲状腺激素持续升高，而在另一例中，尽管继续纯母乳喂养，但在出生后2个月促甲状腺激素恢复正常。 三名母亲在怀孕和哺乳期间服用锂碳酸盐。第一个婴儿出生于一名还服用300毫克布普品和50至75微克左甲状腺素的母亲。她哺乳超过1年。她的婴儿在15天内没有恢复出生体重，2个月大时有些低张力，并在第一年因粗大和精细运动延迟接受治疗。这位母亲有第二个婴儿，在同样的药物治疗方案下。她纯母乳喂养的婴儿正常发育，没有低张力。第二名母亲每天服用900毫克锂。她的婴儿体重增长缓慢，但在哺乳支持下体重增长增加，她纯母乳喂养的婴儿4个月。第三名母亲每天服用1350毫克锂以及10毫克艾司西酞普兰、25微克左甲状腺素和肝素（剂量未说明）在怀孕和哺乳期间。她的婴儿正常，并且纯母乳喂养直到8周大时，母亲的血清锂浓度过高，为2.0 mEq/L。停止哺乳2天并将剂量降低到600毫克/天。然后她成功地哺乳到7个月大。 一名患有双相情感障碍的妇女在怀孕和产后期间服用延长释放的锂碳酸盐400毫克，每12小时一次。她纯母乳喂养她的婴儿33天，但由于体重增长缓慢，她在16天内引入了补充剂。16天后，她纯母乳喂养她的婴儿直到2.5个月大，这时开始混合喂养。婴儿在17天、1个月、3.5个月和5.5个月大时接受监测。在任何时候都没有观察到婴儿副作用。锂水平未检测到，血清肌酐和促甲状腺激素水平正常。 三名婴儿在母亲锂疗法期间被母乳喂养（2名纯母乳喂养，一名

◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:Lithium excretion into breastmilk and concentrations in infant serum are highly variable. Although lithium appears on some lists of drugs contraindicated during breastfeeding, many sources do not consider it an absolute contraindication in healthy-full-term infants, especially in infants over 2 months of age and during lithium monotherapy. Numerous reports exist of infants who were breastfed during maternal lithium therapy without any signs of toxicity or developmental problems. Most were breastfed from birth and some continued to nurse for up to 1 year of maternal lithium therapy. Some reports suggest that lithium in milk can adversely affect the infant acutely when its elimination is impaired, as in dehydration or in newborn or premature infants. Neonates may also have transplacentally acquired serum lithium levels. Lithium levels in these infants decline whether they are breastfed or not, although serum levels may fall more slowly in exclusively breastfed infants. The long-term effects of lithium on infants are not certain, but limited data indicate no obvious problems in growth and development. Lithium may be used in mothers of fullterm infants who are willing and able to monitor their infants. Because maternal lithium requirements and dosage may be increased during pregnancy, maternal serum levels should be monitored frequently postpartum and dosage reduced as necessary to avoid excessive infant exposure via breastmilk. Discontinuing lithium 24 to 48 hours before Cesarean section delivery or at the onset of spontaneous labor and resuming the prepregnancy lithium dose immediately after delivery should minimize the infant's serum lithium concentration at birth. Some investigators recommend monitoring infant serum lithium, serum creatinine, BUN, and TSH in intervals ranging from "periodic" to every 4 to 12 weeks during breastfeeding and maternal lithium therapy. One group recommends monitoring maternal and infant serum lithium at 2 and 10 days postpartum in mixed-fed infants with additional monitoring at 30 and 60 days postpartum for exclusively breastfed infants. A systematic review recommends infant lithium serum level, thyroid and renal function tests only at 10 days postpartum, then only if the infant’s serum lithium is 0.3 mEq/L or greater or if clinical signs of toxicity appear. However, others recommend close pediatric follow-up of the infant and only selective laboratory monitoring (i.e., serum lithium, TSH, BUN) if clinically indicated by unusual behavior, restlessness, feeding difficulties, sedation or abnormal growth and development. Infants who are preterm, dehydrated, or have an infection, should receive hydration and be assessed for lithium toxicity. If the infant serum lithium level is elevated, reducing the percentage of breastfeeding can decrease it. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:In older reports, at least 24 infants have been reported to have been breastfed during maternal lithium therapy without any signs of toxicity or developmental problems. All were breastfed from birth and some continued to nurse for up to 6 months of maternal lithium therapy. A 5-day-old infant developed cyanosis, lethargy, ECG T-wave inversion probably caused by lithium in breastmilk. The mother had been receiving the long-acting diuretic chlorthalidone prior to delivery which probably decreased the infant's lithium elimination and increased the neonate's lithium serum levels. Another case of probable infant lithium intoxication appeared only after the infant had a cold which may have led to dehydration and decreased lithium excretion. Two other infants had slight increases in thyrotropin (TSH) levels at 8 and 4 weeks of age, respectively, after lithium exposure that began during pregnancy. Elevated TSH continued until maternal lithium was stopped in one, and normalized by 2 months postpartum in the other, despite continued exclusive breastfeeding. Three mothers took lithium carbonate during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The first infant was born to a mother who also took bupropion 300 mg and levothyroxine 50 to 75 mcg daily. She breastfed beyond 1 year of age. Her infant did not regain birth weight by 15 days of age, was somewhat hypotonic at 2 months of age, and was treated for gross and fine motor delay for the first year of life. The mother had a second infant on the same drug regimen. She exclusively breastfed her infant who developed normally without hypotonia. A second mother was taking a lithium dosage of 900 mg daily. Her infant gained weight slowly, but weight gain increased with breastfeeding support and she exclusively breastfed her infant for 4 months. A third mother was taking 1350 mg of lithium daily as well as escitalopram 10 mg, levothyroxine 25 mcg and heparin (dosage not stated) daily during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Her infant was normal and was exclusively breastfed until 8 weeks of age when the maternal serum lithium concentration was excessive at 2.0 mEq/L. Breastfeeding was withheld for 2 days and the dosage lowered to 600 mg daily. She then breastfed successfully until 7 months of age. A woman with bipolar disorder took prolonged-release lithium carbonate 400 mg every 12 hours during pregnancy and postpartum. She breastfed her infant exclusively for 33 days but introduced supplements for 16 days because of slow weight gain. After the 16 days, she exclusively breastfed her infant until 2.5 months of age, when mixed feeding was begun. The infant was monitored at 17 days, 1 month, 3.5 months and 5.5 months of age. No infant side effects were observed at any time. Lithium levels were not detectable, and serum creatinine and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were normal. Three infants were breastfed (2 exclusive, one 50%) during maternal lithium therapy. The infants were breastfed for 5 to 21 months. All had normal growth and development, as well as normal renal and thyroid levels. Nine infants whose mothers were taking lithium in an average dosage of 956 mg daily were exclusively breastfed for an average of 93 days (range 15 to 189 days). After routine follow-up examinations by a pediatrician, no acute growth or developmental delays were reported in any infant during the follow-up period. Twenty-four women taking lithium during pregnancy and postpartum for bipolar disorder were divided into 3 groups: exclusive breastfeeding, partial (50 to 80%) breastfeeding, and exclusive formula feeding. Infants were followed for up to 60 days of age. During the follow-up period, pediatricians found no observable growth or developmental delay in infants in any of the three groups. A 15-year retrospective study from two hospitals in Sweden observed 30 infants who had been breastfed by mothers taking lithium. None of the infants experienced an adverse event from lithium. All the serum sodium, potassium, creatinine, thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid hormone (values measured were within the normal range, except for one sodium and one potassium level that were 0.1 mmol/L outside of the normal range, without any clinical consequence. No infants were described as irritable and all had normal muscle tone. About 25% of the infants had inadequate growth during their first month of life. Four mothers were advised to reduce breastfeeding and to increase the amount of formula given because of poor infant growth (n = 1), polypharmacy (n = 1) or elevated serum lithium concentrations in the infants (n = 2). Two infants were described as tired at their first outpatient visits, but their serum lithium concentration was only 0.2 mmol/L. One of them also had poor weight gain and hyperbilirubinemia at nine days of age, but one week later the baby was healthy and growing well. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Lithium increases serum prolactin. Galactorrhea was reported in a woman taking lithium carbonate for 50 days. Lactation ceased with lithium discontinuation. The prolactin level in a mother with established lactation may not affect her ability to breastfeed.

来源:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)

毒理性

• 暴露途径

该物质可以通过吸入其气溶胶和通过吞食被吸收进人体。

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

毒理性

• 吸入症状

咳嗽。头痛。恶心。喉咙痛。

Cough. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat.

来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

毒理性

• 皮肤症状

红斑。疼痛。

Redness. Pain.

来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

毒理性

• 眼睛症状

红肿。疼痛。

Redness. Pain.

来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)

吸收、分配和排泄

• 吸收

锂的吸收速度很快，口服的生物利用度接近100%。

Lithium absorption is rapid and oral bioavailability is close to 100%.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 消除途径

锂主要通过肾脏排出，通过粪便排出的量微不足道。

Lithium is primarily eliminated through the kidneys and elimination in the feces is insignificant.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 分布容积

表观分布容积为0.7至1.0L/kg。

Apparent volume of distribution is 0.7 to 1.0L/kg.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 清除

清除率通常在10到40毫升/分钟之间，但在老年患者和肾功能受损的患者中可能低至15毫升/分钟。

Clearance is generally between 10 and 40mL/min but may be as low as 15mL/min in elderly patients and those with renal impairment.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

锂/碳酸锂/可以穿过胎盘，在母体和胎儿体内以相同的浓度存在。

... Lithium /carbonate/ crosses placenta and is present in mother and fetus in same concentration.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  dilithium;carbonate 生成 dilithium;oxygen(2-)
  参考文献：
  名称：

  HULL, S.;FARLEY, T. W. D.;HAYES, W.;HUTCHINGS, M. T., J. NUCL. MATER., 160,(1988) N-3, C. 125-134

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  碳酸氢锂 生成 dilithium;carbonate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  SOUCEK, VIKTOR;CHUPIK, LUBOMIR;KUCHYNKA, PETR;VYORAL, LEOPOLD;JANKO, JARO+

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  溴 、 11-(17beta-Acetoxy-3-oxo-oestra-4-en-7alpha-yl)undecanoic acid 、 水 在 二氯甲烷 、 水 、 溴化锂 、 dilithium;carbonate 、 N,N-二甲基甲酰胺 、 silica gel 、 甲苯 、 乙酸乙酯 作用下， 以 溶剂黄146 、 乙醚 为溶剂， 反应 1.0h， 以There was thus obtained as an oil 11-(17β-acetoxy-3-hydroxyoestra-1,3,5(10),6-tetraen-7-yl)undecanoic acid的产率得到11-(17beta-Acetoxy-3-hydroxyoestra-1,3,5(10),6-tetraen-7-yl)undecanoic acid
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Steroid derivatives

  摘要：

  该化合物的甾体衍生物的公式为：ST--A--X--R.sup.1，其中ST是一般公式为：##STR1## 的7-α-连接的甾体核，其中碳原子6和7以及碳原子8和9之间的双键是可选的；其中芳香环A可以选择带有一个或两个卤素或烷基取代基；其中R.sup.3是氢、烷基或酰基；其中R.sup.16是氢、烷基或羟基；其中R.sup.17是羟基或酰氧基，R.sup.27是氢、烷基、烯基或炔基，或者R.sup.17和R.sup.27一起形成氧代基（.dbd.O）；其中R.sup.18是烷基；其中A是烷基、烯基或炔基，可以选择氟代，并可以被--O--、--S--、--SO--、--SO.sub.2--、--CO--、--NR--、--NRCO--、--CONR--、--COO--、--OCO--或苯环中断，其中R是氢或烷基；其中R.sup.1是氢、烷基、烯基、环烷基、卤代烷基、羧基烷基、烷氧羰基烷基、芳香族、芳香族烷基或二烷基氨基烷基，或者R.sup.1与下面定义的R.sup.2连接；其中X是--CONR.sup.2--、--CSNR.sup.2--、--NR.sup.12CO--、--NR.sup.12CS--、--NR.sup.12CONR.sup.2--、##STR2## --SO.sub.2NR.sup.2--或--CO--；或者当R.sup.1不是氢时，是--O--、--NR.sup.2--、--(NO)R.sup.2--、--(PO)R.sup.2--、--NR.sup.12COO--、--NR.sup.12SO.sub.2--、--S--、--SO--或--SO.sub.2--；其中R.sup.2是氢或烷基，或者R.sup.1和R.sup.2一起形成烷基或卤代烷基；其中R.sup.12是氢或烷基，其中R.sup.22是氢、氰基或硝基；或者其盐当适用时。

  公开号：

  US04659516A1

文献信息

• Cephalosporan compounds
  申请人：Roussel-UCLAF

  公开号：US03940354A1

  公开（公告）日：1976-02-24

  Cephalosporon compounds of the formula ##SPC1## In the form of racemic mixtures or optically active isomers or in the form of their cis or trans isomers or mixtures thereof wherein R is selected from the group consisting of phenyl substituted with at least one hydroxyl and sydnone optionally substituted with phenyl, R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and R", R" is an ester group easily removable by acid hydrolysis or hydrogenolysis, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, Y is selected from the group consisting of amino and Y', Y' is hydrogen and NHCOOZ, Z is straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 5 carbon atoms and their non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts with organic and inorganic acids and bases where appropriate with the proviso that when Y is amino, R' is hydrogen and when Y is amino or NHCOOZ, R is phenyl which have antibacterial activity and their preparation.

  式为##SPC1##的头孢菌素化合物，可以是外消旋混合物或旋光异构体，也可以是它们的顺式或反式异构体或它们的混合物，其中R从苯基中选择至少一个羟基取代和苯基可选地取代的sydnone群中选择，R'从氢和R"群中选择，R"是易于通过酸水解或氢解去除的酯基，R1和R2是1至3个碳原子的烷基，R3从氢和1至3个碳原子的烷基中选择，Y从氨基和Y'群中选择，Y'是氢和NHCOOZ，Z是1至5个碳原子的直链或支链烷基，且它们的非毒性、药学上可接受的有机和无机酸和碱的加成盐，适当时还有一个条件，即当Y为氨基时，R'为氢，当Y为氨基或NHCOOZ时，R为苯基，具有抗菌活性，以及它们的制备方法。
• 2-(2-nitrovinyl)thiophene reduction and synthesis of
  申请人：Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc.

  公开号：US04906756A1

  公开（公告）日：1990-03-06

  An improved process for the reduction of 2-(2-nitrovinyl)thiophene to form 2-(2-thienyl)ethylamine employs a boron-containing reducing agent, preferably diborane. The 2-(2-thienyl)ethylamine produced by this process is advantageously converted to ticlopidine.

  一种改进的方法，用于将2-(2-硝基乙烯基)噻吩还原成2-(2-噻吩基)乙胺，使用含硼还原剂，优选为二硼烷。通过此方法生产的2-(2-噻吩基)乙胺可优势地转化为替克洛匹定。
• 2-iodo-3-keto-.DELTA..sup.4 steroids, process for their production, as
  申请人：Schering Aktiengesellschaft

  公开号：US05391778A1

  公开（公告）日：1995-02-21

  The new intermediate products of general formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 stands for a hydrogen atom or a straight-chain or branched alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 stands for a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R.sup.3 stands for a hydrogen atom, R.sup.4 stands for an acyloxy group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the acyl radical or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together stand for a keto-oxygen atom, are suitable in an excellent way for introducing a .DELTA..sup.1 double bond in the steroid skelton with the simultaneous presence of a .DELTA..sup.4 double bond, as well as a saturated carbonyl group, by clevage of hydrogen iodide with a base in an amidic solvent at elevated temperature. If R.sup.2 stands for a hydrogen atom, the A-ring is aromatized after the hydrogen iodide cleavage. For the production of a new intermediate products, special iodization processes, which partially also allow a stereoselective control of the iodization, are used.

  通式为I的新中间体，其中R1代表氢原子或链状或支链烷基，其碳原子数为1至4，R2代表氢原子或甲基，R3代表氢原子，R4代表酰基基团中的碳原子数为1至4的酯氧基团，或R3和R4共同代表一个酮氧原子。这些中间体非常适合在存在. DELTA..sup.4双键和饱和羰基的情况下，通过在氨基溶剂中高温下用碱裂解氢碘酸来引入类固醇骨架中的.DELTA..sup.1双键。如果R2代表氢原子，则在氢碘酸裂解后，A环会芳香化。为了生产新的中间体，使用特殊的碘化过程，这些过程部分地允许立体选择性控制碘化。
• Antipsychotic piperidine derivatives
  申请人：Novo Nordisk A/S

  公开号：US05378714A1

  公开（公告）日：1995-01-03

  The present invention relates to therapeutically active piperidine derivatives, of formula 1 ##STR1## wherein, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A, X and Y are as defined in the specification. The compounds are useful in the treatment of indications related to the CNS-system, cardiovascular system or to gastrointestinal disorders.

  本发明涉及治疗活性吡啶烷衍生物，具有以下式子1的结构：##STR1## 其中，R.sup.1，R.sup.2，A，X和Y如规范中所定义。这些化合物在治疗与中枢神经系统、心血管系统或胃肠道疾病相关的疾病方面有用。
• N-(4- carbamimidoyl-phenyl) -glycine derivatives
  申请人：——

  公开号：US20010001799A1

  公开（公告）日：2001-05-24

  The invention is concerned with novel N-(4-carbamimidoyl-phenyl)-glycine derivatives of the formula: 1 wherein R 1 , E, X 1 to X 4 and G 1 and G 2 are as defined in the description and the claims, as well as hydrates or solvates and physiologically usable salts thereof.

  本发明涉及一种新型的N-(4-氨基甲酰基苯基)-甘氨酸衍生物，其化学式为：1，其中R1、E、X1至X4和G1、G2如描述和权利要求中所定义，以及其水合物或溶剂物及其生理上可用的盐。

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