... Acephate treated /White Leghorn laying hen/ received appropriate doses, 5 to 700 mg/kg, of the agent dissolved in water by gavage at 5 ml/kg. The birds were sacrificed 23.5 to 24 hr after treatment. Brain methamidophos levels were 10 to 16% of the total acephate plus methamidophos brain concentration. The lower the dose of acephate, the higher the relative percentage of methamidophos.
In plant tissue, orthene is partially metabolized to O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate, the active ingredient in the insecticide monitor. /Monitor - product name/
Toxicity of orthene to insects was related to monitor production and degradation. O- and S-Demethylation, prior to deacetylation, contributed to resistance. With excised cotton leaves, orthene was converted to some monitor as well as O-demethyl orthene. /Monitor - product name/
Plasma & tissue enzymes are responsible for hydrolysis /of organophosphorus compounds/ to the corresponding phosphoric & phosphonic acids. However, oxidative enzymes are also involved in the metabolism of some organophosphorus compounds. /Organophosphorus compounds/
These chemicals are detoxified by cytochrome p450-mediated monooxygenases in the liver, but some metabolites are more toxic than parent cmpd ... Metabolites usually are detected from 12 to 48 hr postexposure. /Organophosphate cmpd/
Acephate is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.
CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: The classification is based on increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas in female mice. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
癌症分类：C组可能的人类致癌物
Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性（未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
吸收、分配和排泄
在1小时内，130株日龄的长叶松幼苗从营养液中吸收并分布了(14)C-氯菊酯。
Within 1 hr, 130 day-old loblolly pine seedlings absorbed and distributed (14)C-orthene from nutrient solution.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
大多数有机磷化合物能够通过皮肤、结膜、胃肠道和肺部被吸收。/有机磷化合物/
Most organophosphate compounds are ... absorbed from skin, conjunctiva, gastrointestinal tract, & lung. /Organophosphate compounds/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
有机磷农药的皮肤吸收率可能会受到所使用溶剂的影响。
The rate of dermal absorption /of organophosphorus pesticides/ may be ... influenced by the solvent used. /Organophosphorus pesticides/
... The organophosphorus insecticides are, in contrast to the chlorinated insecticides, rapidly metabolized & excreted and are not appreciably stored in body tissues. /Organophosphorus insecticides/
接受了开发用于增强可见光辅助光催化消除有毒难处理污染物的正磷酸银基三元复合催化剂的开发。令人困惑的是，合成的催化剂可以有效地降解有毒有机染料，包括亚甲基蓝（MB），甲基橙（MO），若丹明B（RhB）和酸性红18（AR 18），并且具有完全脱色和90％以上的矿化度的特点。成功降解了2、4-二氯苯氧基乙酸（2,4-D）等有害农药，高毒杀虫剂乙酰乙酸盐和药物抗生素四环素。在这里，这是第一次报告La 2 O 3 / Bi 2 O 3掺杂的正磷酸银三元催化剂可在短时间内去除有毒的有机污染物，并具有出色的矿化作用。复合催化剂的更好的重现性和可靠的稳定性为使其成为未来应用的有希望的催化剂铺平了道路。
DOI：
10.1016/j.materresbull.2021.111299
作为产物：
描述：
calcium salt of O,S-dimethyl-N-acetylphosphoroamidothioate 生成 乙酰甲胺磷
参考文献：
名称：
Divalent metal salts of O,S-dialkyl-N-alkanoylphosphoroamidothioates
[EN] PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF THIOPHOSPHORYL CHLORIDE AND ACEPHATE<br/>[FR] PROCÉDÉ DE PRÉPARATION DE CHLORURE DE THIOPHOSPHORYLE ET D'ACÉPHATE
申请人：UPL LTD
公开号：WO2021074775A1
公开（公告）日：2021-04-22
The present invention discloses an improved process for preparation of acephate and intermediates thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for preparation of thiophosphoryl chloride useful for commercial production of pesticides and pharmaceutically active compounds.
about 6.00 μm for the column prepared under the optimal conditions. Enantioseparation of 15 kinds of the single chiral compounds (histidine, arginine, lysine, leucine, threonine, methionine, valine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, fipronil, diclofop, imazamox, quizalofop-p, imazethapyr, and acephate) and 3 kinds of mixed amino acids racemaces (valine, methionine, and glutamic acid) were performed with
