四碘化锗 | 13450-95-8

• 物质功能分类: 有机原料 - 有机金属类化合物 - 有机锗
• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 类金属盐
• 中文名称: 四碘化锗
• 中文别名: 碘化锗(IV)；碘化锗
• 英文名称: germanium(IV) iodide
• 英文别名: Germanium tetraiodide；tetraiodogermane
• CAS: 13450-95-8
• 化学式: GeI₄
• 分子量: 580.208
• InChiKey: CUDGTZJYMWAJFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  146°C
• 沸点：
  350°C
• 密度：
  4.32 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
• 溶解度：
  与H2O反应
• 稳定性/保质期：

  在常温常压下，该物质是稳定的。应避免与水分或潮湿、氧化物接触。一旦熔融，它会变成宝石红色的液体，并在约300℃及以上温度下沸腾。

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  3.16
• 重原子数：
  5
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  0
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  0

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 危险等级：
  8
• 危险品标志：
  C
• 安全说明：
  S23,S26,S27,S3,S36/37/39,S45
• 危险类别码：
  R34
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 危险品运输编号：
  UN 3260 8/PG 2
• 包装等级：
  III
• 危险类别：
  8
• 危险标志：
  GHS05
• 危险性描述：
  H314
• 危险性防范说明：
  P280,P303 + P361 + P353,P304 + P340 + P310,P305 + P351 + P338 + P310
• 储存条件：
  常温密闭保存，置于阴凉、通风、干燥的惰性气体环境中。

SDS

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SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking
Product identifiers
Product name : Germanium(IV) iodide
REACH No. : A registration number is not available for this substance as the substance
or its uses are exempted from registration, the annual tonnage does not
require a registration or the registration is envisaged for a later
registration deadline.
CAS-No. : 13450-95-8
Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Identified uses : Laboratory chemicals, Manufacture of substances

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SECTION 2: Hazards identification
Classification of the substance or mixture
Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Skin corrosion (Category 1B), H314
For the full text of the H-Statements mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
Classification according to EU Directives 67/548/EEC or 1999/45/EC
C Corrosive R34
For the full text of the R-phrases mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
Label elements
Labelling according Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Pictogram
Signal word Danger
Hazard statement(s)
H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Precautionary statement(s)
P280 Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing/ eye protection/ face
protection.
P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove
contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P310 Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/ physician.
Supplemental Hazard none
Statements
Other hazards
Lachrymator.

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SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients
Substances
Synonyms : Germanium tetraiodide
Formula : GeI4
Molecular Weight : 580,26 g/mol
CAS-No. : 13450-95-8
EC-No. : 236-613-7
Hazardous ingredients according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Component Classification Concentration
Germanium tetraiodide
CAS-No. 13450-95-8 Skin Corr. 1B; Eye Dam. 1; <= 100 %
EC-No. 236-613-7 H314
Hazardous ingredients according to Directive 1999/45/EC
Component Classification Concentration
Germanium tetraiodide
CAS-No. 13450-95-8 C, R34 <= 100 %
EC-No. 236-613-7
For the full text of the H-Statements and R-Phrases mentioned in this Section, see Section 16

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SECTION 4: First aid measures
Description of first aid measures
General advice
Consult a physician. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
If inhaled
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately. Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a
physician.
In case of eye contact
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
If swallowed
Do NOT induce vomiting. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with
water. Consult a physician.
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
The most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling (see section 2.2) and/or in
section 11
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
no data available

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SECTION 5: Firefighting measures
Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Hydrogen iodide, Germanium oxides
Advice for firefighters
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Further information
no data available

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SECTION 6: Accidental release measures
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure
adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.
For personal protection see section 8.
Environmental precautions
Do not let product enter drains.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed
containers for disposal.
Reference to other sections
For disposal see section 13.

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SECTION 7: Handling and storage
Precautions for safe handling
Avoid formation of dust and aerosols.
Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
For precautions see section 2.2.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Moisture sensitive.
Specific end use(s)
A part from the uses mentioned in section 1.2 no other specific uses are stipulated

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SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection
Control parameters
Components with workplace control parameters
Exposure controls
Appropriate engineering controls
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and
at the end of workday.
Personal protective equipment
Eye/face protection
Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under
appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Skin protection
Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique
(without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of
contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.
The selected protective gloves have to satisfy the specifications of EU Directive 89/686/EEC and
the standard EN 374 derived from it.
Body Protection
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected
according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle
respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering
controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use
respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such
as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Do not let product enter drains.

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SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties
Information on basic physical and chemical properties
a) Appearance Form: powder
b) Odour no data available
c) Odour Threshold no data available
d) pH no data available
e) Melting point/freezing Melting point/range: 146 °C
point
f) Initial boiling point and no data available
boiling range
g) Flash point not applicable
h) Evapouration rate no data available
i) Flammability (solid, gas) no data available
j) Upper/lower no data available
flammability or
explosive limits
k) Vapour pressure no data available
l) Vapour density no data available
m) Relative density 4,32 g/cm3 at 25 °C
n) Water solubility no data available
o) Partition coefficient: n- no data available
octanol/water
p) Auto-ignition no data available
temperature
q) Decomposition no data available
temperature
r) Viscosity no data available
s) Explosive properties no data available
t) Oxidizing properties no data available
Other safety information
no data available

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SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity
Reactivity
no data available
Chemical stability
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Possibility of hazardous reactions
no data available
Conditions to avoid
Avoid moisture.
Incompatible materials
Strong oxidizing agents
Hazardous decomposition products
Other decomposition products - no data available
In the event of fire: see section 5

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SECTION 11: Toxicological information
Information on toxicological effects
Acute toxicity
no data available
Skin corrosion/irritation
no data available
Serious eye damage/eye irritation
no data available
Respiratory or skin sensitisation
no data available
Germ cell mutagenicity
no data available
Carcinogenicity
IARC: No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as
probable, possible or confirmed human carcinogen by IARC.
Reproductive toxicity
no data available
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure
no data available
Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure
no data available
Aspiration hazard
no data available
Additional Information
RTECS: Not available
Material is extremely destructive to tissue of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, eyes, and
skin., spasm, inflammation and edema of the larynx, spasm, inflammation and edema of the bronchi,
pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, burning sensation, Cough, wheezing, laryngitis, Shortness of breath,
Headache, Nausea

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SECTION 12: Ecological information
Toxicity
no data available
Persistence and degradability
no data available
Bioaccumulative potential
no data available
Mobility in soil
no data available
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
PBT/vPvB assessment not available as chemical safety assessment not required/not conducted
Other adverse effects
no data available

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SECTION 13: Disposal considerations
Waste treatment methods
Product
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Dissolve or mix the material
with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.
Contaminated packaging
Dispose of as unused product.

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SECTION 14: Transport information
UN number
ADR/RID: 3260 IMDG: 3260 IATA: 3260
UN proper shipping name
ADR/RID: CORROSIVE SOLID, ACIDIC, INORGANIC, N.O.S. (Germanium tetraiodide)
IMDG: CORROSIVE SOLID, ACIDIC, INORGANIC, N.O.S. (Germanium tetraiodide)
IATA: Corrosive solid, acidic, inorganic, n.o.s. (Germanium tetraiodide)
Transport hazard class(es)
ADR/RID: 8 IMDG: 8 IATA: 8
Packaging group
ADR/RID: II IMDG: II IATA: II
Environmental hazards
ADR/RID: no IMDG Marine pollutant: no IATA: no
Special precautions for user
no data available

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SECTION 15: Regulatory information
This safety datasheet complies with the requirements of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006.
Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture
no data available
Chemical Safety Assessment
For this product a chemical safety assessment was not carried out

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SECTION 16: Other information
Full text of H-Statements referred to under sections 2 and 3.
Eye Dam. Serious eye damage
H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Skin Corr. Skin corrosion
Full text of R-phrases referred to under sections 2 and 3
C Corrosive
R34 Causes burns.
Further information
Copyright 2013 Co. LLC. License granted to make unlimited paper copies for internal use
only.
The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be
used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge
and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any
guarantee of the properties of the product. Corporation and its Affiliates shall not be held
liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See
and/or the reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale.

制备方法与用途

制备方法

金属锗与碘直接反应可制得四碘化锗。具体操作是使金属锗粉上方通过CO2载体，并让碘通过。反应在约200℃开始，于560℃左右最为剧烈。

合成制备方法

金属锗与碘直接反应也可制得四碘化锗，反应方程式为：Ge + 2I₂ → GeI₄。使用如图所示的装置，以 为载体使碘通过金属锗粉上方。反应在约200℃开始，在560℃左右最为剧烈。

用途简介

（此处为空）

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  四碘化锗 在 mercury dichloride 作用下， 以 neat (no solvent) 为溶剂， 生成 四氯化锗
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Karantassis, T., Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, 1933, vol. 196, p. 1894 - 1896

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  以 solid 为溶剂， 生成 四碘化锗
  参考文献：
  名称：

  双（二甲基锗烷基）烷烃-四羰基铁：合成，光解和反应性

  摘要：

  DOI：

  10.1021/om00109a001
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  羰基镁 、 1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲烷磺酸盐 在 四碘化锗 作用下， 反应 240.0h， 生成 [BMIm][Mn(OTf)3]
  参考文献：
  名称：

  [BMIm][Fe(OTf)₃], [BMIm][Mn(OTf)₃], [BMIm][Li(OTf)₂] – Three One-dimensional Infinite Coordination Polymers

  摘要：

  摘要 通过在离子液体[BMIm][OTf]（BMIm：1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑，OTf：三氟甲磺酸）中加热 FeCl2 和 MnCl2，得到了无色晶体的化合物[BMIm][M(OTf)3]（M：Fe+II，Mn+II）。同样，[BMIm][Li(OTf)2]也是通过加热[BMIm][OTf]中的氯化锂而合成的。虽然由此获得的[BMIm][M(OTf)3]（M：Fe+II、Mn+II）产物的晶体质量较低，但在相同的离子液体中，用 GeI4 作为替代物对 Fe(CO)5 或 Mn2(CO)10 进行温和氧化，可以缓慢生长出形态良好的针状晶体。根据基于单晶体的 X 射线结构分析，[BMIm][M(OTf)3]（M：Fe+II、Mn+II）晶体为单斜晶体，[BMIm][Li(OTf)2]晶体为三斜晶体。所有化合物都形成无限 1 ∞[M(OTf)3]（M=铁、锰）和 1 ∞[Li(OTf)2]链。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱、能量色散 X 射线分析（EDX）、差热分析（DTA）、热重分析（TG）和磁性测量对这些化合物进行了进一步表征。

  DOI：

  10.5560/znb.2013-2233

文献信息

• Hybrid Germanium Iodide Perovskite Semiconductors: Active Lone Pairs, Structural Distortions, Direct and Indirect Energy Gaps, and Strong Nonlinear Optical Properties
  作者：Constantinos C. Stoumpos、Laszlo Frazer、Daniel J. Clark、Yong Soo Kim、Sonny H. Rhim、Arthur J. Freeman、John B. Ketterson、Joon I. Jang、Mercouri G. Kanatzidis

  DOI：10.1021/jacs.5b01025

  日期：2015.6.3

  phase-matchable SHG response with high laser-induced damage thresholds (up to ∼3 GW/cm(2)). The second-order nonlinear susceptibility, χS(2), was determined to be 125.3 ± 10.5 pm/V (1), (161.0 ± 14.5) pm/V (2), 143.0 ± 13.5 pm/V (3), and 57.2 ± 5.5 pm/V (4). First-principles density functional theory electronic structure calculations indicate that the large SHG response is attributed to the high density

  报道了混合有机/无机锗钙钛矿化合物 AGeI3 的合成和性质（A = Cs，有机阳离子）。对该反应系统的系统研究导致了 6 种新型混合半导体的分离。以CsGeI3 (1)为原型化合物，我们制备了甲铵、 NH3GeI3(2)、甲脒、HC(NH2)2GeI3(3)、乙脒、 C(NH2)2GeI3(4)、胍、C(NH2)3GeI3( 5)，三甲基铵，(CH3)3NHGeI3 (6) 和异丙基铵，( )2C(H)NH3GeI3 (7) 类似物。化合物的晶体结构根据它们的维度进行分类，其中 1-4 个形成 3D 钙钛矿骨架和 5-7 个 1D 无限链。除了化合物 5（中心对称）和化合物 7（非极性无着丝粒）外，化合物 1-7 在极性空间群中结晶。3D 化合物的直接带隙为 1.6 eV (1)，1.9 eV (2)、2.2 eV (3) 和 2.5 eV (4)，而一维化合物的间接带隙为 2
• Bis(trifluoromethyl)cadmium·glyme (glyme = dimethoxyethane), a new, powerful fluoroalkylating agent and low-temperature source of difluorocarbene
  作者：Larry J. Krause、John A. Morrison

  DOI：10.1039/c39800000671

  日期：——

  The newly isolated reagent (CF3)2Cd·glyme [glyme =(MeOCH2)2] readily exchanges ligands with, e.g., GeI4, SnI4, or PI3 to form the fully substituted compounds (CF3)4Ge, (CF3)4Sn, or (CF3)3P, within minutes at ambient temperature; reactions with acyl halides, like MeC(O)Br, form the acyl fluorides, like MeC(O)F, in excellent yields, 95%, at –25 °C and extrusion of CF2 at –25 °C in this reaction in indicated

  新分离的试剂（CF 3）2镉·甘醇二甲醚[甘醇二甲醚=（MeOCH 2）2 ]容易与，交换配体例如，GEI 4，SNI 4，或PI 3，以形成完全取代的化合物（CF 3）4的Ge， （CF 3）4 Sn或（CF 3）3 P在环境温度下在数分钟内；与酰基卤（如MeC（O）Br）反应形成酰氟（如MeC（O）F），在–25°C下以极好的收率（95％）和CF 2挤出 该反应在–25°C下进行反应，表明由四甲基乙烯形成了预期的二氟环丙烷，收率为53％。
• Complexe hétérocyclique tétranucléaire: le diméthylgermyl diméthylsilylméthane di-fer octacarbonyle
  作者：Jacques Barrau、Najib Ben Hamida、Jacques Satgé

  DOI：10.1016/0022-328x(90)87300-3

  日期：1990.4

  Various CO substitution reactions with phosphines and GeFe or GeSi cleavage reactions are described. The reactions with organic carbonyl compounds result in the formation of new silylated and germylated heterocycles. The reactions with oxygen and sulfur probably involve, by decomposition of unstable thia- or oxa-germasiletanes, [Me2GeX] (X = O, S) and [Me2SiCH2] intermediates and give the heterocycles

  二甲基锗烷基二甲基甲硅烷基甲烷二铁八羰基Me 2 e 2（CO）8（1）是由二甲基锗烷基二甲硅烷基甲烷与Fe（CO）5在紫外线辐射下环化而获得的。描述了用膦进行的各种CO取代反应以及GeFe或GeSi裂解反应。与有机羰基化合物的反应导致形成新的甲硅烷基化和种芽杂环。与氧和硫的反应可能涉及，由不稳定的硫杂或氧杂germasiletanes的分解，[我2 GeX]（X = O，S）和[我2 SiCH 2 ]中间体和得到杂环我2和我2。2,2,6,6,4,4,8,8-八甲基-2,6-digerma-4,8-​​disila-1,5-dithiocane（gerasilathietane Me的二聚体Me，2,2,6,6,4,4,8,8-octamethyl-2,6-digerma-4,8-​​disila-1,5-dithiocane 2），其提供相同的杂环。
• Transition-metal carbonyl derivatives of the germanes. Part 13. Preparation, spectroscopic properties, and the crystal and molecular structure of bis[µ-carbonyl-bis(tricarbonylcobaltio)(Co–Co)]germanium (4Co–Ge), [Ge{Co₂(CO)₇}₂]; a new type of group 4–tetracobalt species
  作者：Robert F. Gerlach、Kenneth M. Mackay、Brian K. Nicholson、Ward T. Robinson

  DOI：10.1039/dt9810000080

  日期：——

  Reaction between Gel4 and [Co(CO)4]– or between GeH4 and [Co2(CO)8] gives [GeCo2(CO)7}2](1). The crystal and molecular structure of (1) has been obtained by X-ray methods. Crystals are triclinic, with a= 10.396(2), b= 16.495(3), c= 12.879(2)Å, α= 90.33(2), β= 97.68(2), γ= 95.03(2)°, space group P1, and Z= 4. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least-squares techniques to R= 0

  凝胶之间反应4和[Co（CO）4 ] -或GeH的间4和[CO 2（CO）8 ]给出[葛有限公司2（CO）7 } 2 ]（1）。（1）的晶体和分子结构已经通过X射线方法获得。晶体是三斜晶的，a = 10.396（2），b = 16.495（3），c = 12.879（2）Å，α= 90.33（2），β= 97.68（2），γ = 95.03（2）°，空间P 1组，Z =4。通过直接方法解析结构，并通过最小二乘法将其精炼为R2个852反射= 0.056 [我5σ（升）]。该分子表现出近似的C 2对称性，Ge原子桥接两个Co 2（CO）7单元的Co-Co键。Ge桥不对称，Ge-Co键长度不相等（平均2.38、2.34Å）；每个单元中相应的µ-CO以相反的方向不对称地放置。还讨论了[Ge Co 2（CO）7 } 2 ]的红外和质谱数据。
• Fabrication of band gap tuned Cu2Zn(Sn1-xGex)(S,Se)4 absorber thin film using nanocrystal-based ink in non-toxic solvent
  作者：Manjeet Singh、Tanka R. Rana、JunHo Kim

  DOI：10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.03.138

  日期：2016.8

  Cu2ZnSn1-xGex(S,Se)4 (CZTG(S,Se)) films using nanocrystal ink, where x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1 and butylamine was used as ink-solvent. By post-sulfurization and post-selenization, we improved crystal quality of as-coated films and then studied their electrical and optical properties. The band gap of sulfurized film was increased from 1.54 eV (x = 0) to 1.98 eV (x = 1) and that of selenized film from 1.07 eV

  摘要 我们使用纳米晶体油墨沉积了 Ge 合金化的 Cu2ZnSn1-xGex(S,Se)4 (CZTG(S,Se)) 薄膜，其中 x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1 和丁胺用作油墨溶剂。通过后硫化和后硒化，我们提高了涂层薄膜的晶体质量，然后研究了它们的电学和光学性能。随着 x 的增加，硫化膜的带隙从 1.54 eV (x = 0) 增加到 1.98 eV (x = 1)，硒化膜的带隙从 1.07 eV (x = 0) 增加到 1.48 eV (x = 1) 0 到 1。带隙随 Ge 取代的变化与理论能带弯曲模型非常吻合。硫化 CZTGS(S) 和硒化 CZTGS(Se) 薄膜的拉曼峰也显示出通过用 Ge 代替 Sn 的峰值向更高波数移动，表明使用纳米晶体墨水成功制备了 Ge 合金薄膜。在硫化和硒化薄膜中，观察到晶粒尺寸随着锗含量的增加而增加。结构和光学性能结果表明，丁胺基油墨可