Cyanide is rapidly alsorbed through oral, inhalation, and dermal routes and distributed throughout the body. Cyanide is mainly metabolized into thiocyanate by either rhodanese or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Cyanide metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L96)
Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)
Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)
Trifluormethylisocyanidkomplexe des chroms, molydäns und wolframs, hexakis(trifluormethylisocyanid)chrom
作者:Dieter Lentz
DOI:10.1016/0022-328x(90)80113-e
日期:1990.1
Tricarbonyl-tris(trifluoromethyl isocyanide)molybdenum (3a) and -tungsten (3b) are formed upon reaction of trifluoromethyl isocyanide (1) with tricarbonyl(η6-cycloheptatrien)molydenum (2a) and -tungsten (2b), respectively. The NMR spectra indicate that these compounds are formed as the meridial isomers. Photolysis of 3a and 3b in the presence of 1 yields unseparable mixtures of the compounds (CO)xM(CNCF3)6−x
Trifluoromethylisocyanide CF3NC, a source for n-trifluoromethyl-carbimidoyl-compounds CF3NCXY
作者:D. Lentz
DOI:10.1016/s0022-1139(00)85512-8
日期:1983.11
The new high yield synthesis of trifluoromethylisocyanide by reductive elimination of halogen from N-trifluoromethylcarbimidoyl-dihalogenides allows the study of the structure and reactivity of this reactive compound. In the reaction of trifluoromethylisocyanide with hydrogenhalides, N-trifluoromethylcarbimidoyl-halides are formed. From NMR-data we can conclude that both possible isomers are formed
通过从N-三氟甲基碳酰亚胺基-二卤化物中还原除去卤素,新的高产合成三氟甲基异氰化物的方法可以研究这种反应性化合物的结构和反应性。在三氟甲基异氰化物与卤化氢的反应中,形成N-三氟甲基碳酰亚胺基卤化物。根据NMR数据,我们可以得出结论,两种可能的异构体均已形成,但只有一种是主要产物。在HF加成的情况下,形成胺CF 3 NHCF 2 H作为副产物。该胺在用无水KF处理时经历HF消除,形成CF 3 NCHF。N-三氟甲基碳酰氨基卤化物在室温下缓慢二聚,形成CF 3 N = C (CF3)(CX 2 H)。在SF 5 Br与CF 3 NC的α加成中,仅形成一种异构体。
Synthesis and reactivity of dinuclear iron–platinum, chromium–platinum, molybdenum–platinum and tungsten–platinum complexes with bridging carbonyl, isocyanide and aminocarbyne ligands. An empirical study on the parameters decisive for the bonding mode of the isocyanide ligand
isocyanide ligand in a bridging bonding mode. Upon protonation of 2 and 3b with HBF4, the stable μ-aminocarbyne complexes [(OC)4M(μ-CN(H)R′)(μ-dppm)Pt(PPh3)][BF4] (10–11) are formed by electrophilic addition of H+ on the basic isonitrile nitrogen atom. The molecular structures of 1a,c, 2 and 3c have been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The μ-CO and the μ-CNR ligands bridge the metalcentres in an
dppm桥接的异双金属μ-羰基配合物[(OC)4 M(μ-CO)(μ-dppm)PT(PPh 3)](1a,M = Cr; 1b,M = Mo; 1c,M = W)已经制备由[M(CO)的反应5(η 1 -dppm)](M =铬,钼,W)与[PT(CH 2 CH 2)(PPH 3)2 ]。化学计量的异氰酸酯加到1的结果是由CNR的π接受电子控制的。带有强吸电子取代基R的异氰酸酯配体的加成提供了异腈桥联的配合物[(OC)4 M(μ-CN–R)(μ-dppm)PT(PPh 3)] 2(M = W; R = CF 3),3(3a,M = Cr; 3b M = Mo,3c M = W; R = CH 2 SO 2 p-甲苯基)和4(M = W; R = [CH 2 PPh 3 ] [PF 6 ]。较少的π-接受异氰酸酯(R = CH 2 Ph,C 6 H 11,CH 2 PO(OEt)2),不稳
Synthese und kristallstrukturuntersuchung von bis[dicarbonyl(μ-trifluormethylisocyanid)-(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)molybdän)], [Mo(CO)2(μ-CNCF3)(η-Cp★)]2 und dessen isomerisierung zu Cp★(CO)2Mo(μ-F3CNCCNCF3)Mo(CO)2Cp★
作者:D. Lentz、I. Brüdgam、H. Hartl
DOI:10.1016/0022-328x(86)84018-9
日期:1986.1
Trifluoromethyl isocyanide adds to the metal—metal triple bond of bis[dicarbonyl(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)molybdenum] forming Mo2Cp2★(CO)4(η2-μ-CNCF3) as the first isolated product. Further addition of trifluoromethyl isocyanide at 0°C leads to the formation of [Mo(CO)2(μ-CNCF3)(η-Cp★)]2, which according to crystalstructure analysis contains two bridging CF3NC ligands. During the isomerization
Homoleptische trifluormethylisocyanid-eisenkomplexe, Fe(CNCF3)5 und Fe2(CNCF3)9
作者:Dieter Lentz
DOI:10.1016/0022-328x(89)80092-0
日期:1989.11
Pentakis(trifluoromethyl isocyanide)iron, Fe(CNCF3)5 is formed by ligand substitution in bis(η4-butadien)carbonyliron. The NMR spectra show the molecule to be nonrigid in solution even at −100°C on the NMR time scale. At ambient temperature, Fe(CNCF3)5 slowly decomposes to form the dinuclear complex hexakis(trifluormethylisocyanide)-tris(μ-trifluoromethyl isocyanide)diiron.