Streambank and vegetation response to simulated cattle grazing
摘要:
Simulated grazing techniques were used to investigate livestock impacts on structural and vegetation characteristics of streambanks in central Idaho, USA. The treatments, continued over two years, consisted of no grazing, simulated moderate early summer grazing, simulated moderate mid-summer grazing, and simulated heavy season-long grazing. The moderate treatments depressed the streambank surface about 3 cm, while the heavy season-long treatment resulted in an 11.5-cm depression. There were no differences between the no-grazing and moderate-grazing treatments for change in stream width, bank angle, bank retreat, or root biomass. The heavy season-long treatment, however, produced significant changes in these variables. The amount of foliage biomass (i.e., kg ha(-1)) removed by treatment was similar between the two years of study for the moderate treatments. The foliage removed from the heavy season-long treatment plots greatly decreased in the second year as plant growth decreased. Ten months after the last treatment application, the average spring foliage growth was 20-43% lower on the moderate treatment plots and 51-87% lower on the heavy season-long treatment plots than on the untreated control plots.
From Toluene to Taxol<sup>TM</sup>: Chemoenzymatic and Enantiodivergent Routes to the AB-Ring Systems of Taxoids and <i>ent</i>-Taxoids
作者:Martin G. Banwell、Penny Darmos、Malcolm D. McLeod、David C. R. Hockless
DOI:10.1055/s-1998-1801
日期:1998.8
The cis-1,2-dihydrocatechol 2 has been converted, via reaction sequences including Diels-Alder cycloaddition and anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement steps, into the enantiopure bicyclo[5.3.1]undecanes 20 and 33 which correspond to the AB-ring systems of ent-taxoids and taxoids, respectively.
顺式-1,2-二氢邻苯二酚 2 通过包括 Diels-Alder 环加成和阴离子氧-科普重排步骤在内的反应序列,被转化为对映体纯双环[5.3.1]十一烷 20 和 33,它们分别对应于内类脂和类脂的 AB 环系统。
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with vinylacetic olefins in the racemic series and synthesis of δ-lactams<i>via</i>isoxazolidines
study of the cycloaddition behavior of a series of esters and nitriles α-chloro- and α-hydroxyvinyl-acetic dipolarophiles with C-aryl-N-alkylnitrones has been carried out. Regiospecific cycloadditions are observed; the reactions lead to a mixture of 5-substituted isoxazolidines either erythro or threo, wherever the nitrone is involved. We report the synthesis of some δ-lactams in which isoxazolidines
Palladium Pincer Complex-Catalyzed Allylic Stannylation with Hexaalkylditin Reagents
作者:Olov A. Wallner、Kálmán J. Szabó
DOI:10.1021/ol049328d
日期:2004.5.1
stannylation of allylchloride, phosphonate, and epoxide substrates (4a-h) could be performed with hexaalkylditin reagents (3) under mild neutral reaction conditions. This catalytic reaction proceeds via palladium(II) intermediates without involvement of allyl-palladium complexes, and therefore the allylstannane product does not interfere with the palladium catalyst. Use of a combined catalytic system (1 + 2)