Nitrous oxide, refrigerated liquid appears as a colorless liquid. Density 1.22 g / cm3 at its boiling point of -89°C. Boils to give a colorless gas that is sweet-smelling and moderately toxic. The gas has narcotic effects when inhaled (laughing gas). Shipped under refrigeration. Vapor pressure is at about 745 psig at 70°F. Used to freeze foods and to manufacture other chemicals.
颜色/状态:
Colorless gas [Note: Shipped as a liquified compressed gas]
气味:
Slightly sweetish
味道:
Slightly sweetish
沸点:
-88.46 °C
熔点:
-90.81 °C
溶解度:
At 20 °C and 2 atm one liter of the gas dissolves in 1.5 liters of water
密度:
1.266 at -128.2 °F (USCG, 1999)
蒸汽密度:
1.53 (Air = 1) (gas)
蒸汽压力:
4.29X10+4 mm Hg at 25 °C
稳定性/保质期:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
分解:
This compound decomposes explosively at high temperatures.
粘度:
0.0145 cP at 25 °C at 101.325 KPa (gas)
汽化热:
16.54 kJ/mol at -88.48 °C
表面张力:
1.75 dynes/cm at 20 °C in contact with vapor
电离电位:
12.89 eV
折光率:
Index of refraction: 1.000516 at 0 °C/D, 1 atmosphere, 0.5893 um
保留指数:
182;182
计算性质
辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
0.5
重原子数:
3
可旋转键数:
0
环数:
0.0
sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
0.0
拓扑面积:
19.1
氢给体数:
0
氢受体数:
2
ADMET
代谢
氧化亚氮在人体组织中不会通过酶的作用进行生物转化...
Nitrous oxide is not biotransformed by enzymatic action in human tissue ... .
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Nitrous Oxide is a stable, non-irritating colorless gas with slightly sweetish odor and taste. It is used as anesthetic in dentistry and surgery, propellant gas in food aerosols, leak detection. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The main complication following inhalation of nitrous oxide is varying degrees of hypoxia, affecting the functions of the heart and the brain. This may be associated with hypotension, fatal cardiac arrhythmias, headache, dizziness, anoxic brain damage, cerebral edema and permanent mental deficit. Chronic exposure can cause neurological and hematological changes including megaloblastic erythropoiesis and neurological features similar to subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. Nitrous oxide should not be administered for more than 24 hours because of the risk of bone marrow depression. During induction with high concentrations of nitrous oxide, the oxygen in the lungs is rapidly used up and the anoxia with increased respiratory effort causes rapid depletion of carbon dioxide in the issues. Absence of carbon dioxide and depression of the medullary centers by the anesthetic quickly lead to respiratory failure, and rarely, the patient's cerebral function fails to recover from cerebral damage caused by the prolonged anoxia. Nitrous oxide is harmless and non-irritating to the respiratory tract, but concentrations over 50 ppm reduce dexterity, cognition and motor and audiovisual skills. Neurological manifestations similar to subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord were reported following prolonged heavy exposure to nitrous oxide in 15 patients. Poisoning manifested by symptoms such as cyanosis, hypotension and methemoglobinemia occurred in two patients anesthetized with nitrous oxide contaminated with nitric oxide. Psychological dependency on nitrous oxide may occur. Malignant hyperthermia induced by nitrous oxide anesthesia was reported in an eleven year-old girl. No convincing evidence of carcinogenicity in man has been shown by epidemiological studies. The incidence of spontaneous abortion is increased among women exposed to nitrous oxide. It has been suggested, that there is an increased incidence of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women exposed during pregnancy and of spontaneous abortion in the wives of exposed men. No adverse effects were found in a retrospective study of 175 pregnancies during which nitrous oxide was administered. By using single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), the effect of nitrous oxide on DNA damage in circulating human leukocytes was determined: nitrous oxide increased DNA damage compared with nitrous oxide-free anesthesia. ANIMAL STUDIES: Sedation with 70% nitrous oxide profoundly, but transiently, reduces the activity of cortical methionine synthase but produces lasting impairment in spatial working memory in aged rats. Exposure of pregnant rats to nitrous oxide has caused fetal death, skeletal malformations and various macroscopic lesions. Exposure of pregnant cats on 9th day of gestation to anesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide-oxygen produces fetal resorption and various skeletal anomalies. Physical dependency and withdrawal have been demonstrated in mice. A long-term study in rats exposed to low concentrations of nitrous oxide did not find increase of neoplasia. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: High triploid rates (> 90%) were induced when newly fertilized rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) eggs were exposed to nitrous oxide at elevated pressure (11 atm) for 0-30 or 0-60 min following fertilization. The triploid yield was lowered following exposure for the longer time period. Triploid rates and therefore triploid yields were reduced following exposure at a lower pressure (5 atm). Treatment of eggs at 1 atm caused no alteration in the triploidy rate.
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:Because the serum half-life of nitrous oxide in the mother is short and the drug is not expected to be absorbed by the infant, no waiting period or discarding of milk is required. Some evidence indicates that primiparous mothers who use inhaled nitrous oxide during labor for analgesia have better breastfeeding success than mothers who do not. If used as part of general anesthesia, breastfeeding can be resumed as soon as the mother has recovered sufficiently from anesthesia to nurse. When a combination of anesthetic agents is used for a procedure, follow the recommendations for the most problematic medication used during the procedure.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:A randomized, but nonblinded, study in women undergoing cesarean section compared epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine to general anesthesia with intravenous thiopental 4 mg/kg and succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg for induction followed by nitrous oxide and isoflurane. The time to the first breastfeed was significantly shorter (107 vs 228 minutes) with the epidural anesthesia than with general anesthesia. This difference was probably caused by the anesthesia's effects on the infant, because the Apgar and neurologic and adaptive scores were significantly lower in the general anesthesia group of infants. It is not known what part nitrous oxide played in this difference in outcome.
A retrospective database study found that primiparous women who receive a nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture for pain during delivery in addition to routine analgesia were more likely to be breastfeeding their infants at 48 hours postpartum than women who did not receive nitrous oxide. This correlation was not found when all women were included in the analysis.
In a nonrandomized, nonblinded retrospective study, 62 women who chose labor with gas analgesia with 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen were compared to a control group of 124 women who did not receive gas analgesia during labor. Most of the women in the study were primiparous. Use of other labor medications was not reported. Women who received nitrous oxide had higher rates of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding than those who did not at 7 days after discharge, at 1 month postpartum, and at 3 months postpartum.
A randomized study compared intravenous meperidine 50 mg to inhaled nitrous oxide for labor analgesia. A higher percentage of mothers receiving nitrous oxide were able to breastfeed immediately after birth (95% vs 88%), but the difference was not statistically significant. There were no differences in breastfeeding rates at 24 hours after delivery or formula use.
来源:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
毒理性
暴露途径
这种物质可以通过吸入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
暴露途径
吸入,皮肤和/或眼睛接触(液体)
inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)
来源:The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
吸收、分配和排泄
血液/气体分配系数较低,大部分吸入的氧化亚氮会通过肺部迅速排出,尽管有少量会通过皮肤扩散。
The blood/gas partition coefficient is low and most of the inhaled nitrous oxide is rapidly eliminated through the lungs, though small amounts diffuse through the skin.
/Nitrous oxide/ is highly lipid soluble and rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body, particularly the vessel-rich regions, including the brain, heart, kidney, splanchnic circulation, and endocrine glands. The rate of nitrous oxide uptake during the first 1 or 2 min is about 1.0 L/min (at an inspired concentrations of 80%), with later uptake inversely proportional to the square root of time. /Nitrous oxide/ is relatively nonreactive and poorly soluble in blood. ... Little hepatic or renal metabolism is detectable in experimental animals, although intestinal bacteria can reduce small quantities of inhaled /nitrous oxide/ to nitrogen gas. Small amounts of inhaled /nitrous oxide/ are also eliminated through the skin and urine.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
胎盘传输数据:出现于胎儿体内的时间,6分钟;胎儿/母体浓度比,0.6。/来自表格/
Placental transmission data: time to appear in fetus, 6 minutes; fetal/maternal concentration ratio, 0.6. /From table/
Nitrous oxide is almost completely eliminated by the lungs, with some minimal diffusion through the skin. Nitrous oxide is not biotransformed by enzymatic action in human tissue, and 99.9% of absorbed nitrous oxide is eliminated unchanged.
Onium ions. 34. The methoxydiazonium ion: preparation, proton, carbon-13, and nitrogen-15 NMR and IR structural studies, theoretical calculations, and reaction with aromatics. Attempted preparation and the intermediacy of the hydroxydiazonium ion
作者:George A. Olah、Rainer. Herges、Khosrow. Laali、Gerald A. Segal
DOI:10.1021/ja00268a054
日期:1986.4
Nitrous oxide is methylated with CH/sub 3/F ..-->.. SbF/sub 5/F/sub 2/ or with CH/sub 3/O/sup +/SOClF in SO/sub 2/ClF to give the stable methoxydiazonium ion CH/sub 3/ON/sub 2//sup +/ (1), which was characterized by NMR (/sup 15/N, /sup 13/C, /sup 1/H) and FT IR spectroscopic studies. It is stable below -30 /sup 0/C, above which it decomposes, regenerating N/sub 2/O. When reacted with aromatics, such
Selenols are resistant to irreversible modification by HNO
作者:Christopher L. Bianco、Cathy D. Moore、Jon M. Fukuto、John P. Toscano
DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.008
日期:2016.10
to be additional potential targets of HNO. Indeed, as determined in the current work, selenols are targeted by HNO. Such reactions appear to result only in formation of diselenide products, which can be easily reverted back to the free selenol. This characteristic is distinct from the reaction of HNO with thiols/thiolproteins. These findings suggest that, unlike thiolproteins, selenoproteins are resistant
Investigation of the silicon beading phenomena during zone‐melting recrystallization
作者:Z. A. Weinberg、V. R. Deline、T. O. Sedgwick、S. A. Cohen、C. F. Aliotta、G. J. Clark、W. A. Lanford
DOI:10.1063/1.94242
日期:1983.12.15
Duringrecrystallization of encapsulated silicon films on SiO2, by the graphite strip heater technique, the silicon sometimes breaks apart and agglomerates into small beads or stripes. By secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis, it was found that a high concentration of nitrogen at the interface between the silicon and the top SiO2 capping layer is needed to prevent this from occurring. Incorporation
Effect of Oxidants on the Oxidative Coupling of Methane over a Lead Oxide Catalyst
作者:Kenji Asami、Tsutomu Shikada、Kaoru Fujimoto
DOI:10.1246/bcsj.64.266
日期:1991.1
Oxidativecoupling of methane was studied over a PbO/MgO catalyst using a variety of oxidants such as N2O, NO, CO2, and SO2. While N2O showed both high activity and selectivity for the title reaction, NO produced CO2, exclusively. The coupling reaction was assumed to proceed via the redox cycle of Pb and PbO on each oxidant mentioned above. Carbon dioxide produced small amounts of C2 hydrocarbons and
Group 8 and 10 hyponitrite and dinitrosyl complexes
作者:Navamoney Arulsamy、D. Scott Bohle、Jerome A. Imonigie、Raecca C. Moore
DOI:10.1016/j.poly.2007.05.009
日期:2007.10
(PPh3)2M(NO)2. The structures of Ru(dppf)(NO)2 and Os(dppe)(NO)2 have been determined. These two analogous families of cis-hyponitrite and dinitrosyl complexes illustrate the balance of metal dn electron count and nitrosyl redox state with one having linear nitrosyls bound to low valent metal centers, and the former having coupled N 2 O 2 2 - ligands bound to a higher oxidation state metal center.