作者:Allan Goodman、Jennifer McCall、Henry Jacocks、Alysha Thompson、Daniel Baden、William Abraham、Andrea Bourdelais
DOI:10.3390/md12041839
日期:——
Brevenal is a ladder frame polyether produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. This organism is also responsible for the production of the neurotoxic compounds known as brevetoxins. Ingestion or inhalation of the brevetoxins leads to adverse effects such as gastrointestinal maladies and bronchoconstriction. Brevenal shows antagonistic behavior to the brevetoxins and shows beneficial attributes when administered alone. For example, in an asthmatic sheep model, brevenal has been shown to increase tracheal mucosal velocity, an attribute which has led to its development as a potential treatment for Cystic Fibrosis. The mechanism of action of brevenal is poorly understood and the exact binding site has not been elucidated. In an attempt to further understand the mechanism of action of brevenal and potentially develop a second generation drug candidate, a series of brevenal derivatives were prepared through modification of the aldehyde moiety. These derivatives include aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrazide derivatives. The brevenal derivatives were tested using in vitro synaptosome binding assays to determine the ability of the compounds to displace brevetoxin and brevenal from their native receptors. A sheep inhalation model was used to determine if instillation of the brevenal derivatives resulted in bronchoconstriction. Only small modifications were tolerated, with larger moieties leading to loss of affinity for the brevenal receptor and bronchoconstriction in the sheep model.
Brevenal是一种由 dinoflagellate Karenia brevis 产生的梯级框架聚醚。这种生物体也负责生成被称为 brevetoxins 的神经毒素化合物。摄入或吸入这些神经毒素会导致不良反应,如胃肠疾病和支气管收缩。Brevenal 对 brevetoxins 显示出拮抗作用,并且在单独使用时显示出有益特性。例如,在哮喘羊模型中,Brevenal 显示出能够增加气管黏膜速度,这一特性促使其被开发为潜在的囊性纤维化治疗药物。Brevenal 的作用机制尚不清楚,具体的结合位点尚未阐明。为进一步理解 brevenal 的作用机制并可能开发第二代药物候选物,通过对醛基部分进行修改,合成了一系列 brevenal 衍生物。这些衍生物包括脂肪族、芳香族和杂芳香族肼衍生物。使用体外突触体结合实验测试了这些 brevenal 衍生物,以确定它们对原生受体的 brevetoxin 和 brevenal 的置换能力。采用羊的吸入模型来确定 brevenal 衍生物的滴入是否导致支气管收缩。仅允许小幅度修改,较大的官能团则导致对 brevenal 受体的亲和力下降,并在羊模型中导致支气管收缩。