Oxidations of N-(3-Indoleethyl) Cyclic Aliphatic Amines by Horseradish Peroxidase: The Indole Ring Binds to the Enzyme and Mediates Electron-Transfer Amine Oxidation
摘要:
Although oxidations of aromatic amines by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) are well-known, typical aliphatic amines are not substrates of HRP. In this study, the reactions of N-benzyl and N-methyl cyclic amines with HRP were found to be slow, but reactions of N-(3-indoleethyl) cyclic amines were 2-3 orders of magnitude faster. Analyses of pH-rate profiles revealed a dominant contribution to reaction by the amine-free base forms, the only species found to bind to the enzyme. A metabolic study on a family of congeneric N-(3-indoleethyl) cyclic amines indicated competition between amine and indole oxidation pathways. Amine oxidation dominated for the seven- and eight-membered azacycles, where ring size supports the change in hybridization from sp(3) to sp(2) that occurs upon one-electron amine nitrogen oxidation, whereas only indole oxidation was observed for the six-membered ring congener. Optical difference spectroscopic binding data and computational docking simulations suggest that all the arylalkylamine substrates bind to the enzyme through their aromatic termini with similar binding modes and binding affinities. Kinetic saturation was observed for a particularly soluble substrate, consistent with an obligatory role of an enzyme-substrate complexation preceding electron transfer. The significant rate enhancements seen for the indoleethylamine substrates suggest the ability of the bound indole ring to mediate what amounts to medium long-range electron-transfer oxidation of the tertiary amine center by the HRP oxidants. This is the first systematic investigation to document aliphatic amine oxidation by HRP at rates consistent with normal metabolic turnover, and the demonstration that this is facilitated by an auxiliary electron-rich aromatic ring.
Electrophilic C–H Borylation and Related Reactions of B–H Boron Cations
作者:Aleksandrs Prokofjevs、Janis Jermaks、Alina Borovika、Jeff W. Kampf、Edwin Vedejs
DOI:10.1021/om400651p
日期:2013.11.25
Catalytic procedures are described for the amine-directed borylation of aliphatic and aromatic tertiary amine–boranes. Sequential double borylation is observed in cases where two or more C–H bonds are available that allow 5-center or 6-center intramolecular borylation. The HNTf2-catalyzed borylation of benzylamine–boranes provides a practical means for the synthesis of ortho-substituted arylboronic
Tertiary amine synthesis via reductive coupling of amides with Grignard reagents
作者:Lan-Gui Xie、Darren J. Dixon
DOI:10.1039/c7sc03613b
日期:——
reductive coupling reaction of Grignard reagents and tertiary amides affording functionalised tertiary amine products via an efficient and technically-simple one-pot, two-stage experimental protocol, is reported. The reaction – which can be carried out on gram-scale using as little as 1 mol% Vaska's complex [IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2] and TMDS as the terminal reductant for the initial reductive activation step –
of comparing the reaction of various aminocarbene complexes of chromium with alkynes and to ascertain several points of the mechanism of their interaction, a series of complexes derived from large cyclic amines, HN(CH2)n (n≥6) and from a small cyclic amine (n=2) was synthesized. In the case of the larger amines, all the complexes examined herein, led to the expected bridgehead lactams 12 as the major
A unique copper‐based catalyst system allows for the N‐acylation of cyclic amines by arylglyoxylic acids via radical‐radical cross‐coupling strategy. As evidenced by EPR, UV‐Vis, and mass spectrometric analysis, the amide linkage formation proceeds through a Cu(I)/Cu(II) catalytic cycle involving a twofold SET process.