铁(2+)硫酸酯 | 7782-63-0 (heptahydrate)

• 物质功能分类: 原料药 - 血液系统用药 - 抗贫血药
• 分子结构分类: 无机化合物 - 混合金属/非金属化合物 - 过渡金属氧阴离子化合物
• 中文名称: 铁(2+)硫酸酯
• 英文名称: Iron(II) sulfate
• 英文别名: iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate)；Ferrous Sulfate；iron(2+);sulfate
• CAS: 7782-63-0 (heptahydrate)；16547-58-3；7720-78-7
• 化学式: 2Fe*2O₄S
• 分子量: 303.821
• InChiKey: BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L

物化性质

• 熔点：
  decomposes at 671℃ [JAN85]
• 密度：
  3.650
• 溶解度：
  可微溶于水
• 介电常数：
  14.2（14℃）
• 物理描述：
  Ferrous sulfate appears as a greenish or yellow-brown crystalline solid. Density 15.0 lb /gal. Melts at 64°C and loses the seven waters of hydration at 90°C. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Used for water or sewage treatment, as a fertilizer ingredient.
• 颜色/状态：
  White orthorhombic crystals, hygroscopic
• 沸点：
  > 300 °C
• 稳定性/保质期：
  In moist air, ferrous sulfate rapidly oxidizes and becomes coated with brownish-yellow ferric sulfate... . The rate of oxidation is increased by the addition of alkali or by exposure to light.
• 自燃温度：
  Not flammable (USCG, 1999)
• 分解：
  When heated to decomposition it emit toxic fumes of /sulfur oxide/.

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -1.34
• 重原子数：
  6
• 可旋转键数：
  0
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.0
• 拓扑面积：
  88.6
• 氢给体数：
  0
• 氢受体数：
  4

ADMET

代谢

铁的新陈代谢过程是复杂的。正常情况下，铁以二价铁（Fe2+）或三价铁（Fe3+）的状态存在，但由于Fe2+会被氧化成Fe3+，在pH为中性的水溶液中，Fe3+会与水反应生成不溶性的铁(III)氢氧化物，因此铁会与血浆蛋白结合，并在体内被运输或储存。有三种蛋白质负责调节摄入铁的储存和运输。第一种蛋白质，转铁蛋白，负责在血浆和细胞外液中运输铁。血浆中的铜蓝蛋白和肠上皮细胞上的赫菲斯特蛋白参与铁的氧化和与转铁蛋白的结合。转铁蛋白的主要作用是将铁螯合，以防止产生反应性氧物种，同时促进铁进入细胞。 转铁蛋白受体位于许多需要铁的细胞上，它能结合转铁蛋白复合物并将其内化。铁蛋白是一种储存铁的蛋白质，使铁能够随时满足身体的需求。

The metabolism of iron is complex. Normally, iron exists in the ferrous (Fe2+) or ferric (Fe3+) state, but since Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+, which hydrolyzes to insoluble iron(III)hydroxides in neutral aqueous solutions, iron binds to plasma proteins and is either transported or stored throughout the body. There are three proteins that serve to regulate the storage and transport of ingested iron. The first protein , transferrin, transports iron in both the plasma and extracellular fluid. Ceruloplasmin in the plasma and hephaestin on the enterocyte participate in the oxidation and binding of iron to transferrin. The main role of transferrin is the chelation of iron to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species, while facilitating its transport into cells. The transferrin receptor, located on many cells that require iron, binds the transferrin complex and internalizes this complex. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron, making it readily available for body requirements.

来源:DrugBank

毒理性

• 在妊娠和哺乳期间的影响

◉ 母乳喂养期间使用概要：铁是人体乳汁中的正常成分。从孕期维生素或其他多种矿物质补充剂中每天摄入的口服铁不会影响乳汁中铁的水平。更高剂量的每日口服铁对乳汁铁水平的影响很小，如果需要治疗母亲的贫血，预计不会对哺乳婴儿造成伤害，但它不能作为直接补充婴儿铁以预防或治疗婴儿贫血的充足替代品。 使用Holder方法对牛奶进行巴氏杀菌会减少牛奶中铁的浓度约6.5%。 ◉ 对哺乳婴儿的影响：在土耳其安卡拉，131位非贫血的哺乳期母亲从产后10到20天开始，随机每天接受80毫克元素铁（作为硫酸亚铁）或安慰剂，并持续4个月。研究结束时，两组婴儿的血常规指标和生化铁状态值没有差异。 ◉ 对泌乳和母乳的影响：在体外实验条件下，旨在为住院早产儿增强的铁强化人乳增稠剂与无铁增稠剂相比，增加了乳汁的微生物生长。这些发现的临床后果尚未评估。此类研究测试的乳汁铁浓度范围为13至14毫克/升，这在进行研究的国家中是增稠剂的常见水平。目前美国可用的早产儿乳增稠剂提供的铁补充剂量要低得多，使得乳汁铁水平在母亲基础乳汁水平之上为3毫克/升。

◉ Summary of Use during Lactation:Iron is a normal component in human milk. Daily oral iron intake from prenatal vitamins or other multimineral supplements does not affect milk iron levels. Higher daily oral iron dosing has a minimal effect on milk iron levels and is not expected to cause harm to the breastfed infant if needed to treat the mother’s anemia, but it is not an adequate substitute for direct infant iron supplementation to prevent or treat infant anemia. Pasteurization of milk by the Holder method reduces the concentration of iron in milk by about 6.5%. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants:One-hundred thirty-one non-anemic, lactating mothers in Ankara, Turkey randomly received 80 mg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate daily or placebo beginning 10 to 20 days postpartum and continued for 4 months. Hematological indices and biochemical iron status values were no different between the two groups of infants at the end of the study. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk:Iron-enriched human milk fortifier intended for preterm hospitalized infants increases milk microbial growth compared to iron-free fortifier under in vitro experimental conditions. The clinical consequences of these findings have not been evaluated. Such studies tested milk iron concentrations in the range of 13 to 14 mg/L which were common for fortifiers in the countries where the studies were conducted. Currently available U.S. premature infant milk fortifier provides a much lower iron supplemental dose resulting in a milk iron level of 3 mg/L above the mother’s underlying milk level.

来源:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)

毒理性

• 副作用

职业性肝毒素 - 第二性肝毒素：在职业环境中的毒性效应潜力是基于人类摄入或动物实验的中毒案例。

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases

毒理性

• 相互作用

硫酸亚铁铁的同时给药减少了吸收，并显著降低了人体中四环素、土霉素、米诺环素和多西环素的血清浓度。

Simultaneous administration of iron as ferrous sulfate reduced absorption and caused significant decrease in serum concentration of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, methacycline, and doxycycline in man.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

口服硫酸亚铁似乎会损害胃肠道对各种四环素的吸收，这可能是因为在肠道中发生了螯合或其他类型的结合。

Oral ferrous sulfate appears to impair the GI absorption of various tetracyclines, possibly because of chelation or other type of binding in the gut.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

建议使用硅酸镁，因为它可以将硫酸亚铁转变为更难吸收的铁盐，或者增加其聚合作用，从而使其更难吸收。碳酸氢钠会导致形成难以吸收的铁复合物。

It is suggested that the magnesium trisilicate either changes the ferrous sulfate into less easily absorbed iron salts, or increases its polymerization, thereby rendering it less easily absorbed. Sodium bicarbonate causes the formation of poorly absorbed iron complexes.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

• 吸收

大约5-10%的饮食铁被吸收，在铁缺乏状态下，这一吸收率可增加到高达30%。口服铁补充剂通过主动和被动运输过程吸收，吸收率可达60%。铁的胃肠道吸收通过肠上皮细胞和十二指肠细胞色素及高铁还原酶酶的严格调控进行。激素肝素在全身铁的吸收和分布中起到重要的调控作用。达到最高血清浓度（Tmax）的中位数时间通常是给药后4小时。根据一项研究，在给药后2-8小时，平均血清铁浓度波动了20%。铁的生物利用度取决于它是以薄膜包衣片还是肠溶片的形式给药。一项对健康志愿者的药代动力学研究发现，肠溶片的生物利用度为30%。肠溶片的AUC变化范围在-46.93到5.25 µmolxh/l之间。薄膜包衣片的Cmax更高，范围在3.4到22.1 µmol/h/l之间。建议服用硫酸亚铁时同时服用抗坏血酸，因为这种做法可能增加吸收。在服用硫酸亚铁后至少一个小时内，应避免使用抗酸药、茶、咖啡、牛奶、乳制品、鸡蛋和全麦面包。如果同时服用，钙可能会减少铁的吸收，减少量为33%。

Approximately 5 – 10% of dietary iron is absorbed, and this absorption rate increases to up to 30% in iron deficiency states. Oral iron supplements are absorbed up to 60% via active and passive transport processes. Gastrointestinal absorption of iron occurs via strict regulation by the enterocyte and duodenal cytochrome and ferric reductase enzymes. The hormone hepcidin heavily regulates iron absorption and distribution throughout the body. The median time to maximum serum concentration (Tmax) is generally 4 hours after administration. Between 2-8 hours post administration, average serum iron concentrations fluctuate by 20%, according to one study. Bioavailability of iron depends on whether it is administered in a film coated tablet or enteric coated tablet. One pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers revealed a 30% bioavailability for enteric coated tablets. The AUC of enteric coated tablets varied between a lower limit of -46.93 to 5.25 µmolxh/l. Cmax is higher for film coated tablets, ranging from 3.4 to 22.1 µmol/h/l. It is advisable to take ferrous sulfate with ascorbic acid, as this practice may increase absorption. Avoid antacids, tea, coffee,tea, dairy products, eggs, and whole-grain bread for at least an hour after taking ferrous sulfate. Calcium can decrease iron absorption by 33% if taken concomitantly.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 消除途径

口服铁剂可以循环利用，但部分会在尿液、汗水和脱皮过程中损失。在月经期间，也可能会失去一些铁。这种损失可以通过肠道吸收的变化来平衡。铁调素这种酶会促进铁的排泄，通过使带有铁蛋白储存的肠细胞脱落进入粪便中。

Oral iron is recycled, with some loss in the urine, sweat, and desquamation. Some iron can be lost during menstrual bleeding This loss is balanced by changes in intestinal absorption. The enzyme hepcidin promotes the excretion of iron via the sloughing of enterocytes with ferritin stores into the feces.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

• 分布容积

大约60%的铁分布在红细胞中。其余的铁存在于肌肉组织（作为肌红蛋白的一部分）、多种不同的酶中，以及储存形式。大部分储存的铁以铁蛋白的形式存在，可以在肝脏、骨髓、脾脏和肌肉中找到。铁可以通过胎盘，也存在于母乳中。

About 60% of iron is distributed the erythrocytes. The remainder of the iron is found in muscle tissues (as a part of myoglobin), and in a variety of different enzymes, as well as in storage form. Most stored iron is in the form of ferritin, which can be found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen and, and muscle. Iron crosses the placenta and is also found in breast milk.

来源:DrugBank

吸收、分配和排泄

生物利用度研究是使用四组各30只雌性小鼠进行的。在两组中，我们研究了水溶性亚铁抗坏血酸和硫酸亚铁的吸收情况，作为参考标准，它们的吸收率分别为13.1±4.9%和13.2±4.3%。第三组研究了牛奶中亚铁硫酸盐的吸收；其吸收值为7.9±3.2%，显著低于其他组，p < 0.01。在第四组中进行了SFE-171在牛奶中的吸收研究，结果为11.6±4.5%，表明其吸收与参考标准没有显著差异。通过体内自置换实验确定了亚铁离子和SFE-171的吸收机制，以硫酸亚铁作为参考化合物。这项研究使用了210只雌性小鼠，两种产品的吸收机制之间没有显著差异。

... The bioavailability studies were carried out using four groups of 30 female mice each. In two groups, we studied the absorption of ferrous ascorbate and ferrous sulfate, both in water as reference standards, which show absorptions of 13.1+/-4.9% and 13.2+/-4.3%, respectively. With the third group, we studied the absorption of ferrous sulfate in milk; its value, 7.9+/-3.2%, is significantly lower than that of the remaining groups, with a p < 0.01. The studies with SFE-171 in milk, were performed on the fourth group, with a result of 11.6+/-4.5%, demonstrating that its absorption does not differ significantly from that of the reference standards. The absorption mechanism was determined by means of in vivo self-displacement studies of the ferrous ion and the SFE-171, taking ferrous sulfate as the reference compound. For this study, 210 female mice were used, and no significant difference between the absorption mechanism of both products could be observed.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

我们研究了微囊化硫酸亚铁（SFE-171）在基于奶粉的饮食中的铁生物利用率，通过在大鼠中使用预防方法。SFE-171被添加到流质牛奶中，经过工业加工成为奶粉，然后在我们实验室与标准化饮食（17.2 +/- 2.1 mg Fe/kg）混合。以硫酸亚铁作为铁强化源的参考标准饮食（19.8 +/- 2.9 mg Fe/kg）和未添加铁的对照饮食（4.6 +/- 0.8 mg Fe/kg）也以类似方式在实验室准备。这些饮食被提供给不同组别断奶大鼠28天，作为唯一的固体食物。不同来源的铁生物利用率是通过治疗期间血红蛋白中吸收的铁的质量与每只动物的总铁摄入量之间的关系来计算的。在强化饮食中，SFE-171和硫酸亚铁的铁生物利用率分别为41.6 +/- 6.6%和42.6 +/- 4.2%，这些结果显著高于（P < 0.01）对照饮食的铁生物利用率（28.8 +/- 8.1%）。

We investigated the iron bioavailability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (SFE-171) in a diet based on powdered milk by using the prophylactic method in rats.The SFE-171 was added into fluid milk and industrially processed into powdered milk, which was then mixed in our laboratory with a normalized diet (17.2 +/- 2.1 mg Fe/kg). A reference standard diet using ferrous sulfate as iron-fortifying source (19.8 p+/- 2.9 mg Fe/kg) and a control diet without added iron (4.6 +/- 0.8 mg Fe/kg) were prepared in the laboratory in a similar way. These diets were administered to different groups of weaning rats for 28 d as the only solid nourishment. The iron bioavailability of the different sources was calculated as the relation between the mass of iron incorporated into hemoglobin during the treatment and the total iron intake per animal. The iron bioavailability values of SFE-171 and ferrous sulfate in the fortified diets were 41.6 +/- 6.6% and 42.6 +/- 4.2%, respectively; these results were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the iron bioavailability of the control diet (28.8 +/- 8.1%).

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

制备方法与用途

根据您提供的信息，我将总结和整理关于硫酸亚铁的化学性质、用途及生产方法：

化学性质

• 化学式：FeSO4
• 外观与性状：暗淡蓝绿色单斜晶系晶体粉末或颗粒；无臭，味咸而收敛。
• 溶解度：易溶于水（1g/0.5ml沸水），不溶于乙醇。七水合物 FeSO4·7H2O 含铁量约为 19%。
• 反应性：在干燥空气中会风化；在潮湿空气中易氧化成棕黄色碱式硫酸铁；10% 水溶液对石蕊呈酸性（pH值约3.7）。
• 加热条件下的变化：加热至70～73℃失去3分子水，80～123℃失去6分子水，156℃以上转变成碱式硫酸铁。

用途

1. 医药领域：

   • 制备铁盐、氧化铁颜料。
   • 作为媒染剂、净水剂、防腐剂和消毒剂使用。
   • 治疗贫血的药物。

2. 环保与水处理：

   • 水的絮凝净化，去除磷酸盐。
   • 还原六价铬为三价铬，置换废水中重金属离子。
   • 作为絮凝剂，提高沉降速度。

3. 食品工业：

   • 营养增补剂（铁质强化剂）。
   • 果蔬发色剂，用于腌制食品如茄子、蚕豆等。

生产方法

• 使用稀硫酸与铁屑反应得到硫酸亚铁。

安全信息

• 毒性：高毒。
• 急性毒性：口服大鼠 LD50 319 毫克/公斤；小鼠 LD50: 680 毫克/公斤。
• 可燃性：不可燃烧，但火场会产生有毒的含铁化物烟雾。
• 储存运输：低温、通风、干燥库房，与食品原料分开存放。

希望这些信息能够满足您的需求！如果您有其他问题或需要进一步的信息，请随时告诉我。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  铁(2+)硫酸酯 生成 Ferric Sulfate
  参考文献：
  名称：

  SONTA, HIROMI;SHIRATORI, TOSHIKAZU;STREHL, SCHUBEL-HOPF

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  棕土 生成 铁(2+)硫酸酯
  参考文献：
  名称：

  YOKOYAMA, SHINICHI;YAMAMOTO, MITSUYOSHI;MAEKAWA, YOSUKE;KOTANIGAWA, TAKES+, FUEL, 68,(1989) N, C. 531-533

  摘要：

  DOI：
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  1-Hydroxylamino-anthrachinon 、 硫酸 在 铁粉 乙二醇甲醚 、 铁粉 、 铁(2+)硫酸酯 、 水 作用下， 以 乙二醇甲醚 为溶剂， 反应 4.0h， 以to obtain 43.5 parts of 1-aminoanthraquinone of a purity of 95 %的产率得到
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Process for the preparation of 1-substituted anthraquinones

  摘要：

  一种制备一取代蒽醌的方法，其通式为I： 其中，在式中，R1和R2分别表示氢原子或甲基基团，X表示氢氧化胺基或氨基团。该方法包括在液体介质中处理通式II的5-硝基-1,4,4a,9a-四氢蒽醌： 其中，在通式中，R1和R2分别表示氢原子或甲基基团，在碱性化合物的存在下，可以加入还原剂。

  公开号：

  US03966775A1

文献信息

• Hydrocarbon oxidation catalyzed by self-folded metal-coordinated cavitands
  作者：Katherine E. Djernes、Melissa Padilla、Magi Mettry、Michael C. Young、Richard J. Hooley

  DOI：10.1039/c2cc36236h

  日期：——

  Functionalized cavitands have been shown to self-fold via coordination of Fe(II) salts and effect catalytic C–H oxidation reactions of unfunctionalized alkanes under mild aqueous conditions in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide as co-oxidant. Secondary and tertiary C–H bonds can be converted to ketones and alcohols, respectively, and ethers can be converted to esters. The cavitands retain the catalytic metal throughout the reaction, and can be recovered by filtration.

  功能化的腔体化合物已被证明可以通过Fe(II)盐的配位自折叠，并在温和的水相条件下与叔丁基过氧化氢作为共同氧化剂作用下，催化非功能化烷烃的C–H氧化反应。二级和三级C–H键分别可以转化为酮和醇，醚可以转化为酯。腔体化合物在整个反应过程中保持催化金属，并可以通过过滤回收。
• Nitric acid process for ferric sulfate production
  申请人：Environchip Technologies, Inc.

  公开号：US05624650A1

  公开（公告）日：1997-04-29

  Ferric sulfate is produced by treating ferric ammonium sulfate, ammonium jarosite or a similar iron complex with nitric acid. The ferric ammonium sulfate or ammonium jarosite can be formed by treating a sulfuric acid leaching solution, e.g., a solution used to leach zinc or copper ore concentrate, with a solution of ammonium nitrate. Thereafter, upon addition of dilute nitric acid at a temperature of about 60.degree. C., ferric sulfate forms and is recovered.

  硫酸亚铁是通过用硝酸处理硫酸铵亚铁、铵黄钾矾或类似的铁络合物而产生的。硫酸铵亚铁或铵黄钾矾可以通过用硝酸铵溶液处理硫酸浸出液而形成，例如用于浸出锌或铜矿石浓缩物的溶液。然后，在约60℃的温度下加入稀硝酸后，硫酸亚铁形成并被回收。
• Iron blue pigment, process for making the same and use
  申请人：Degussa Aktiengesellschaft

  公开号：US04378995A1

  公开（公告）日：1983-04-05

  Iron blue pigment (DIN 55 906) is produced by white paste precipitation and subsequent oxidation of the white paste. Alakli or alkali metal ions i.e. sodium and potassium ions, cyanide or complex iron cyanide ions and iron ions are used as raw materials. The iron blue pigment according to the invention is characterized by a potassium content of 0.5-4.5% by weight, preferably 0.5-2.0% by weight, a sodium content of 0.2-1.0% by weight, an ammonium content of 2.0-4.5% by weight, preferably 3.0-4.5% by weight, a coloring power in accordance with DIN 53 204 and DIN 53 234 of 5-15% above the Vossen Blue 705 Standard and the following color intervals (determined in accordance with DIN 53 204 and DIN 53 234 in conjunction with DIN 6174, in relation to Vossen Blue 705 as standard): .DELTA.L: -0.7 to -1.5 .DELTA.a: -0.5 to 1.5 .DELTA.b: -0.6 to -2.3 .DELTA.C: +0.5 to 2.0 In order to save potassium ions, the white paste precipitation of the iron blue pigment according to the invention is carried out in two phases, potassium ions being used as alkali ions in the first phase and sodium ions in the second phase. After removal of the reaction salts and addition of ammonium salts, the white paste suspension thus obtained is aged and subsequently oxidized to iron blue pigment by known methods. The iron blue pigment can be used as a pigment for the production of printing inks, colored paints, colored varnishes and as coloring agents for fungicides.

  铁青色颜料（DIN 55 906）是通过白浆沉淀和随后的白浆氧化而生产的。原材料使用碱性或碱金属离子，例如钠和钾离子，氰化物或复合铁氰离子和铁离子。根据本发明，铁青色颜料的特征在于钾含量为0.5-4.5%重量，优选0.5-2.0%重量，钠含量为0.2-1.0%重量，铵含量为2.0-4.5%重量，优选3.0-4.5%重量，按照DIN 53 204和DIN 53 234的着色力比Vossen Blue 705标准高5-15%，并且具有以下颜色间隔（根据DIN 53 204和DIN 53 234与DIN 6174一起确定，相对于Vossen Blue 705作为标准）：.DELTA.L：-0.7至-1.5 .DELTA.a：-0.5至1.5 .DELTA.b：-0.6至-2.3 .DELTA.C：+0.5至2.0。为了节省钾离子，根据本发明的铁青色颜料的白浆沉淀分为两个阶段进行，钾离子在第一阶段中用作碱离子，钠离子在第二阶段中使用。去除反应盐并加入铵盐后，得到的白浆悬浮液经过老化，然后通过已知方法氧化成铁青色颜料。铁青色颜料可用作生产印刷油墨、着色漆、着色清漆和杀菌剂的着色剂。
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• HEINISCH G.; KIRCHNER I., MONATSH. CHEM., 1979, 110, NO 2, 365-376
  作者：HEINISCH G.、 KIRCHNER I.

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  日期：——