TLV-TWA 0.05 mg/m3 for Hg vapor, and
0.10 mg/m3, as Hg for alkyl mercury
and inorganic compounds (ACGIH); ceiling
0.1 mg/m3 (OSHA); IDLH 28 mg/m3
(NIOSH).
介电常数:
1.0(148℃)
物理描述:
Mercury appears as an odorless, silvery metallic liquid. Insoluble in water. Toxic by ingestion, absorption and inhalation of the fumes. Corrosive to aluminum. Used as a catalyst in instruments, boilers, mirror coatings.
颜色/状态:
Silver-white, heavy, mobile, liquid metal; solid mercury is tin-white
The high mobility and tendency to dispersion exhibited by mercury, and the ease with which it forms alloys (amalga) with many laboratory and electrical contact metals, can cause severe corrosion problems in laboratories.
... ONE OF THE ... PATHWAYS, IF NOT THE ONLY PATHWAY, BY WHICH ELEMENTAL MERCURY (HG(0+)) IS ABSORBED ... /& CONVERTED IN VIVO/ IS BY ITS OXIDATION /IN ERYTHROCYTES/ TO HG(2+). ... STUDIES WITH ACATALASEMIC RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCS) /SHOW/ THAT CATALASE-HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SYSTEM PLAYS A DETERMINANT ROLE IN MERCURY UPTAKE THROUGH THIS CATALYTIC OXIDATION SYSTEM; HUMAN ACATALASEMIC RBCS HAD ONLY 1/100 TO 6/100 THE UPTAKE OF MERCURY VAPOR FOUND IN NORMAL RBCS WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE.
The oxidation of metallic mercury vapor to divalent ionic mercury ... takes place very soon after absorption, but some elemental mercury remains dissolved in the blood long enough (a few min) for it to be carried to the blood-brain barrier and the placenta ... Recent in vitro studies on the oxidation of mercury by the blood ... indicate that because of the short transit time from the lung to the brain almost all the mercury vapor (97%) arrives at the brain unoxidized. Its lipid solubility and high diffusibility allow rapid transit across these barriers. Oxidation of the mercury vapor in brain and fetal tissues converts it to the ionic form, which is much less likely to cross the blood-brain and placental barriers.
IDENTIFICATION: In its elemental form, mercury is a heavy silvery liquid at room temperature and has a very high vapour pressure. Mercury vapor is more soluble in plasma, whole blood, and hemoglobin than in distilled water, where it dissolves only slightly. The major natural sources of mercury are degassing of the earth's crust, emissions from volcanoes, and evaporation from natural bodies of water. (The world-wide mining of mercury is estimated to yield about 10,000 tons per year. The activities lead to some losses of mercury and direct discharges to the atmosphere). Other important sources are fossil fuel combustion, metal sulfide ore smelting, gold refining, cement production, refuse incineration, and industrial applications of metals. A major use of mercury is as a cathode in the electrolysis of sodium chloride. Mercury is used in the electrical industry, in control instruments in the home and industry, and in laboratory and medical instruments. A very large amount of mercury is used for the extraction of gold. Dental silver amalgam for tooth filling contains large amounts of mercury. Use of skin-lightening soap and creams can give rise to substantial mercury exposure. Occupational exposure to inorganic mercury has been investigated in chloralkali plants, mercury mines, thermometer factories, refineries, and in dental clinics. High mercury levels have been reported for all these occupational exposure situations, although levels vary according to work environment conditions. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The general population is primarily exposed to mercury through the diet and dental amalgam. Acute inhalation exposure to mercury vapor may be followed by chest pains, dyspnea, coughing, hemoptysis, and sometimes interstitial pneumonitis leading to death. (The ingestion of mercuric compounds, in particular mercuric chloride, has caused ulcerative gastroenteritis and acute tubular necrosis causing death from anuria where dialysis was not available). The central nervous system is the critical organ for mercury vapor exposure. Subacute exposure has given rise to psychotic reactions characterized by delerium, hallucinations, and suicidal tendency. Occupational exposure has resulted in erethism as the principal feature of a broad ranging functional disturbance. The kidney is the critical organ following the ingestion of inorganic divalent mercury salts. Occupational exposure to metallic mercury has long been associated with the development of proteinuria. Both metallic mercury vapor and mercury compounds have given rise to contact dermatitis. Mercurial pharmaceuticals have been responsible for Pink disease (acrodynia) in children, and mercury vapor exposure may be a cause of "Kawasaki" disease. Results of both human and animal studies indicate that about 80% of inhaled metallic mercury vapour is retained by the body, whereas liquid metallic mercury is poorly absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract. ANIMAL STUDIES: Evidence of damage to brain, kidney, heart, and lungs have been reported in rabbits exposed acutely to metallic mercury vapor at certain concentrations. Both reversible and irreversible toxic effects may be caused by mercury and its compounds. In two studies, tremor and behavioural effects were observed in rabbits and rats after several weeks of exposure to metallic mercury vapour. Depending upon the animal strain tested, either auto-immunity or immunosuppression is observed. The most sensitive adverse effect caused by mercuric mercury is the formation of mercuric-mercury-induced auto-immune glomerulonephritis. Mercuric chloride was found to induce gene mutations in mouse lymphoma cells and DNA damage in rat and mouse fibroblasts. The World Health Organization reported no evidence that inorganic mercury is carcinogenic. The neurotoxic effect seen after exposure to metallic mercury vapour is attributable to the divalent mercury ion formed through oxidation in the brain tissue. Significantly more mercury is transported to the brain of mice and monkeys after the inhalation of elemental mercury than after the intravenous injection of equivalent doses of the mercuric form.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
癌症分类:D组 不可归入人类致癌性类别
Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity
CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on inadequate human and animal data. Epidemiologic studies failed to show a correlation between exposure to elemental mercury vapor and carcinogenicity; the findings in these studies were confounded by possible or known concurrent exposures to other chemicals, including human carcinogens, as well as lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking). Findings from genotoxicity tests are severely limited and provide equivocal evidence that mercury adversely affects the number or structure of chromosomes in human somatic cells. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate.
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of mercury and mercury compounds. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic mercury. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of mercuric chloride. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of methylmercury chloride. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into account evidence that methylmercury compounds are similar with regard to absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, genotoxicity and other forms of toxicity. Overall evaluation: Methylmercury compounds are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). Metallic mercury and inorganic mercury compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans. (Group 3). /Mercury and mercury compounds/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
A4:无法归类为人类致癌物。/汞,元素和无机形式,如Hg/
A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Mercury, elemental and inorganic forms, as Hg/
Several studies have correlated the number of dental amalgam fillings or amalgam surfaces with the mercury content in brain and kidney tissue from human autopsy. Subjects with no dental amalgam had a mean mercury level of 6.7 ng/g (2.4-12.2) in the occipital cortex; whereas, subjects with amalgams had a mean level of 12.3 ng/g (4.8-28.7) ... Amalgam-free subjects had a mean mercury level in kidneys of 49 ng/g (21-105), whereas subjects with amalgam fillings had a corresponding level of 433 ng/g (48-810). /Mercury alloy/
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Mono and binuclear Ag(I), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II) complexes of a new azo-azomethine as ligand: Synthesis, potentiometric, spectral and thermal studies
作者:Ibrahim S. Ahmed、Moustafa M. Moustafa、Mohamed. M. Abd El Aziz
DOI:10.1016/j.saa.2011.01.022
日期:2011.5
UV-Vis-spectra. The proton dissociation constants of the ligands and the stability constant of their complexes have been determined potentiometrically in 40% (v/v) alcohol-water medium as well as the stoichiometry of complexes were determined conductometrically. The data reveal that the stoichiometries for all complexes were prepared in molar ratios (1:1) and (1:2) (M:L). The electrolytic and nonelectrolytic
A Novel Morpholine-Based Rhodamine Fluorescent Chemosensor for the Rapid Detection of Hg<sup>2+</sup> Ions
作者:Hwalkee Park、Mergu Naveen、Kyoung-Lyong An、Kun Jun、Young-A Son
DOI:10.1166/jnn.2019.16709
日期:2019.11.1
A novel rhodamine-based receptor bearing a morpholine (RDM) was developed as a fluorescent chemosensor with high selectivity toward Hg2+. After the addition of Hg2+ to RDM, the color of the solution changed from colorless to pink, and the new absorption band appears
at 580 nm. The fluorescent of RDM appears to orange color in the presence of Hg2+. Upon the addition of Hg2+, ring-opening of the corresponding spirolactam gives rise to fluorescence, and a 1:1 metal-ligand complex formed.
Novel integrated sensing system of calixarene and rhodamine molecules for selective colorimetric and fluorometric detection of Hg2+ ions in living cells
Three novel and facile calixarene derivatives (5, 6 and 7), which were appended with four rhodamine units at the upper rim of calixarene skeleton, were firstly prepared and evaluated for selective detection of metalions in solution. Receptors (5) and (7) indicated immediate turn on fluorescence output toward Hg2+ ions over other most competitive metalions with the ultralow detection limits, indicating
Synthesis of Methyl-mercury Compounds by Extracts of a Methanogenic Bacterium
作者:J. M. WOOD、F. SCOTT KENNEDY、C. G. ROSEN
DOI:10.1038/220173a0
日期:1968.10
THERE have been incidences of extensive alkyl-mercury poisoning in Japan and Sweden. In Japan a large number of people belonging to the fishing population around Minamata Bay were seriously affected by what is now called Minamata disease. This incident was traced back to pollution of the bay with the mercury containing effluent of a large chemical plant. When methyl thiomethyl-mercury was isolated from shellfish in the area of the bay it was suggested that mercury could be alkylated by âplankton and other marine lifeâ2. It was discovered later that the spent catalyst of an acetaldehyde reactor, which caused the pollution, contained approximately 1 per cent methyl mercury; and the biological methylation of mercury was thought to be insignificant.
A sugar-quinoline fluorescent chemosensor for selective detection of Hg2+ ion in natural water
作者:Shengju Ou、Zhihua Lin、Chunying Duan、Haitao Zhang、Zhiping Bai
DOI:10.1039/b607287a
日期:——
A selective and sensitive fluorescent sensor for detection of Hg2+ in natural water was achieved by incorporating the well-known fluorophore quinoline group and a water-soluble D-glucosamine group within one molecule.