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银 | 7440-22-4

中文名称
中文别名
银粉/纳米银粉;羧基银纳米粒子;银粉;纳米银粉;超细银粉;纳米银;铸造银粒;银粒;银丝;银片;沉淀银
英文名称
silver
英文别名
argentum;silver(0);Silber;Ag
银化学式
CAS
7440-22-4;69011-54-7
化学式
Ag
mdl
——
分子量
107.868
InChiKey
BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    960 °C(lit.)
  • 沸点:
    2212 °C(lit.)
  • 密度:
    1.135 g/mL at 25 °C
  • 蒸气密度:
    5.8 (vs air)
  • 闪点:
    232 °F
  • 溶解度:
    可溶于水中
  • 暴露限值:
    TLV-TWA (metal dusts and fumes) 0.1 mg/m3 (ACGIH), 0.01 mg/m3 (MSHA and OSHA), soluble compounds 0.01 mg/m3 (AIGIH).
  • 物理描述:
    Silvery metallic solid. (NTP, 1992)
  • 颜色/状态:
    White metal, face-centered cubic structure
  • 蒸汽压力:
    1 mm Hg at 2475 °F (NTP, 1992)
  • 稳定性/保质期:
    STABLE IN ... AIR & WATER; TARNISHES WHEN EXPOSED TO OZONE, HYDROGEN SULFIDE OR AIR CONTAINING SULFUR.
  • 分解:
    Toxic gases and vapors (such as oxides of nitrogen) may be released when some sol silver cmpd decomp. /Silver metal and soluble silver compounds/
  • 腐蚀性:
    Sol silver cmpd will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. /Silver metal and soluble silver compounds/

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    -0.0
  • 重原子数:
    1
  • 可旋转键数:
    0
  • 环数:
    0.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    0.0
  • 拓扑面积:
    0
  • 氢给体数:
    0
  • 氢受体数:
    0

ADMET

代谢
无代谢途径的药代动力学数据。
No pharmacokinetic data on metabolic pathways.
来源:DrugBank
毒理性
  • 致癌性证据
癌症分类:D组 不可归类为人类致癌性
Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 致癌性证据
分类:D;无法归类为人类致癌性。分类依据:在动物中,通过植入银箔和银盘已诱导出局部肉瘤。然而,由于固态致癌现象,即使是不溶的固体,如塑料,也被证明会导致局部纤维肉瘤,这些发现的解释受到了质疑。动物致癌性数据:不充分。
CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: In animals local sarcomas have been induced after implantation of foils and disks of silver. However, the interpretation of these findings has been questioned due to the phenomenon of solid-state carcinogenesis in which even insoluble solids such as plastic have been shown to result in local fibrosarcomas. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate .
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入和摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
  • 暴露途径
吸入,吞食,皮肤和/或眼睛接触
inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact
来源:The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
毒理性
  • 症状
蓝灰色眼睛、鼻中隔、喉咙、皮肤;刺激、皮肤溃疡;胃肠不适
Blue-gray eyes, nasal septum, throat, skin; irritation, ulceration skin; gastrointestinal disturbance
来源:The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 吸收
尽管金属银在人体组织存在时是惰性的,但银及其化合物在接触皮肤表面、体液和分泌物时可能会解离,使银离子被吸收进入血液循环。可溶性银盐从呼吸道和胃肠道被吸收。然而,口服摄入的银有多达90-99%不被吸收,银离子通过完整或受损皮肤的经皮吸收也被报道为较低。被吸收的银离子沉积在全身的弹性组织和结缔组织中。生物学活性的银离子主要与细胞内蛋白结合成惰性复合物,并且容易与无机阳离子如氯和磷酸盐结合并沉淀,这解释了其低吸收性。
Although metallic silver is inert in the presence of human tissues, silver and its compounds may dissociate upon contact with skin surface, body fluids, and secretions, allowing the silver ions to be absorbed into the blood circulation. Soluble silver salts are absorbed from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. However, up to 90-99% of orally ingested silver is not absorbed and percutaneous absorption of silver ions through intact or damaged skin is also reported to be low. Absorbed silver ions are deposited into elastic and connective tissues throughout the body. Biologically active silver ions mainly binds to intracellular proteins as inert complexes, and readily binds and precipitates with inorganic cations like chloride and phosphate, which explains low absorption.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 消除途径
银主要通过胆汁排泄以粪便形式被排出体外。来自大鼠研究的发现表明,胆汁排泄占总给予银量的24%到45%,动物研究指出,通过粪便排出的银可能占到摄入银的99%。
Silver mainly undergoes biliary elimination to be excreted as feces. Findings from a rat study demonstrates that biliary excretion accounted for between 24% and 45% of total silver administered, and animal studies indicate that fecal elimination may account for up to 99% of the ingested silver.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
  • 分布容积
在大剂量暴露后,据报道,过量的银会积累在皮肤、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、角膜、牙龈、粘膜和指甲中。在一项对胆管结扎的大鼠的研究中,银的沉积量为肝脏48%,胃肠道2.5%。临床和实验研究建议,银以不活性沉淀的形式结合在血液脑屏障和血液-脑脊液屏障的溶酶体囊泡中,而不会被神经组织吸收。
Following exposure to large amounts, excess silver is reported to accumulate in skin, liver, kidneys, spleen, corneas, gingival, mucous membranes and nails. In a study of rats with ligated bile ducts, deposition of silver was 48% in the liver and 2.5% in the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical and experimental studies suggest that silver is bound as inert precipitates in lysosomal vacuoles of the blood brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier without being absorbed into neurological tissue.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
银从体内排出的主要途径是胃肠道。据报道,两个健康受试者的尿液中排出量约为每天10微克,粪便中排出量为每天30-80微克。这些数值可能高估了实际银的浓度。使用中子活化分析,在正常人的尿液中发现了每天1微克的银。
Excretion of silver from the body is mainly gastrointestinal. Urinary excretion (around 10 ug/day) and fecal elimination (30-80 ug/day) has been reported from two healthy subjects. ... These values might reflect a certain overestimation of true silver concn. ... Using neutron activation analysis ... 1 ug/day /was found/ in urine of normal persons.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
0.5微米球形银粒子在狗肺中的沉积分数约为17%...小鼠、大鼠、猴子和狗通过摄入放射性银后,银的肠道吸收率记录在大约10%或更低。
The deposition fraction of 0.5 um spherical silver particles in the lung of dogs has been found to be about 17%. ... The intestinal absorption of silver by mice, rats, monkeys, and dogs has been recorded at about 10% or less following ingestion of radioactive silver.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

  • 职业暴露等级:
    E
  • 职业暴露限值:
    TWA: 0.01 mg/m3
  • TSCA:
    Yes
  • 危险等级:
    6.1
  • 立即威胁生命和健康浓度:
    10 mg Ag/m3
  • 危险品标志:
    Xi
  • 安全说明:
    S24/25
  • 危险类别码:
    R22
  • WGK Germany:
    3
  • 海关编码:
    71069110
  • 危险品运输编号:
    UN 3264
  • RTECS号:
    VW3500000
  • 包装等级:
    III
  • 危险类别:
    6.1
  • 危险标志:
    GHS02,GHS07
  • 危险性描述:
    H225,H319,H336
  • 危险性防范说明:
    P210,P305 + P351 + P338,P370 + P378,P403 + P235

SDS

SDS:699a342b81dd6e76f1952c31649fad31
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制备方法与用途

银的简介

银的原子序数是47,是一种银白色的贵金属。在自然界中,银很少以游离态单质存在,主要以含银化合物矿石的形式存在。其化学性质稳定、活跃性低、价格昂贵,并且具有极佳的导热和导电性能,不易受化学药品腐蚀。此外,银质软而富有延展性。

性质

银是良好的导电和导热体,对白色光线有最好的反射效果。在干燥或温和的空气中不会发生氧化反应,但在含有硫的潮湿环境中表面会变黑。银对碱性物质具有很强的抵抗力,但容易被硝酸和浓硫酸溶解。自然界中的银通常与硫化物混合存在,也可能与其他金属(如铅、锌、铜)的硫化物共存。

分布

全球银矿资源丰富。中国虽然储量不多,但矿质优良,主要产地分布在湖南、云南、贵州和四川等地。

应用

银在工业中应用广泛,特别是在银基钎焊合金领域。此类合金被用于焊接各种钢材、不锈钢以及有色金属等;特殊配方的银基钎料还可以用来焊接钨、碳化物、金刚石、陶瓷、碳和玻璃等材料。

此外,银粉还常用于制作电镀及精密合金、焊料等原料,并且在电子工业中具有重要作用。它也可用于制造滤波器、瓷管电容、碳膜电位器、固体钽电容以及复合晶体管中的导电发热元件。微量分析时,银是制备高纯银盐和催化剂的必要材料。

化学性质

银是一种白色有光泽的金属(面心立方晶格),延展性仅次于金。其熔点为961.93℃,沸点2212℃。相对密度为d2010.5。银能溶解于硝酸和热硫酸中,在空气中能够溶于熔融的碱金属氢氧化物、过氧化物或氰化物。盐酸虽然会腐蚀表面,但对大多数酸不活泼且不易溶解在冷水和热水中。银是优秀的热和电导体,并能抵抗水和大气中的氧气侵蚀;然而,它遇臭氧、硫化氢及硫时会变成黑色。大多数银化合物都具有光敏性。

用途
  • 用于电子工业用材料
  • 参与高纯银盐制备及作为高纯分析试剂
  • 作为热氢发生器、凝胶推进剂和燃烧活性剂的原料
  • 催化剂,还原剂
  • 在有机化合物元素分析中使用
  • 制造滤波器、瓷管电容、碳膜电位器、固体钽电容及复合晶体管中的导电发热元件
  • 用于制作银粉并作为微电子厚膜的导电材料
生产方法

工业生产上,采用电解法提炼高纯度银。即以金属银为原料,在硝酸中溶解后配置成含有Ag50 g/L和HNO33~10 g/L的电解液,并放入电解槽内进行电解。温度控制在约45℃左右,电压设定在2.5 V,阴极电流密度维持在2.5~2.7 A/cm2之间。经过多次电解精炼后可制得高纯银粉成品。

安全与存储
  • 类别: 有毒物质

  • 毒性分级: 低毒

  • 急性毒性: 口服-小鼠 LD >10,000 毫克/公斤

  • 可燃性危险特性: 不燃

  • 储运特性: 库房应保持低温、通风且干燥环境

  • 灭火剂: 使用水、二氧化碳、泡沫或干粉进行扑灭

  • 职业标准: 8小时时间加权平均浓度(TWA) ≤0.01 毫克/立方米;短时暴露极限(STEL) ≤0.03 毫克/立方米

反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    在 HBr 、 DMSO 、 acetylacetone 作用下, 以 氢溴酸二甲基亚砜 为溶剂, 以92%的产率得到
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Synthesis and structure of carbonyl-containing sulfonium complexes of silver in the DMSO-HX-ketone system
    摘要:
    DOI:
    10.1007/bf00956964
  • 作为产物:
    描述:
    氰化银 在 Na or K 作用下, 以 为溶剂, 生成
    参考文献:
    名称:
    A Study of the Products Obtained by the Reducing Action of Metals upon Salts in Liquid Ammonia Solution. IV. The Action of Potassium and Sodium upon Silver Salts
    摘要:
    DOI:
    10.1021/ja01282a008
  • 作为试剂:
    描述:
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Wolff, Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 1912, vol. 394, p. 44
    摘要:
    DOI:
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文献信息

  • NaCeP<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>6</sub>, Cu<sub>0.4</sub>Ce<sub>1.2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>6</sub>, Ce<sub>4</sub>(P<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>6</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, and the Incommensurately Modulated AgCeP<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>6</sub>:  New Selenophosphates Featuring the Ethane-Like [P<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>6</sub>]<sup>4</sup><sup>-</sup> Anion
    作者:Jennifer A. Aitken、Michel Evain、Lykourgos Iordanidis、Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
    DOI:10.1021/ic010618p
    日期:2002.1.1
    two-dimensional character and is isostructural to the KLnP(2)Q(6) family of compounds, where Ln = La, Ce, and Pr for Q = Se and Ln = La for Q = S. The structure consists of [CeP(2)Se(6)](n)(n-) layers which are separated by Na(+) cations. Each layer contains CeSe(9) distorted, tricapped trigonal prisms and [P(2)Se(6)](4-) ethane-like anions. Cu(0.4)Ce(1.2)P(2)Se(6) possesses a similar structure; however, substitution
    NaCeP(2)Se(6),Cu(0.4)Ce(1.2)P(2)Se(6)和AgCeP(2)Se(6)是从接近化学计量比的起始材料加上额外的硒在750制备的-850摄氏度。从产生Cu(0.4)Ce的相同反应中获得Ce(1.33)P(2)Se(6)(或Ce(4)(P(2)Se(6))(3)) (1.2)P(2)Se(6)。通过单晶X射线衍射确定所有四种化合物的结构。NaCeP(2)Se(6),Cu(0.4)Ce(1.2)P(2)Se(6)和Ce(1.33)P(2)Se(6)在单斜空间群P2(1)中结晶。 / c,对于NaCeP(2)Se(6),a = 12.1422(2),b = 7.6982(1),c = 11.7399(2)A,β= 111.545(1)度,Z = 4;对于Cu(0.4)Ce(1.2)P(2)Se(6),a = 12.040(1),b = 7.6418(8),c = 11
  • Anionic chiral cobalt(III) complexes as catalysts of asymmetric synthesis of cyanohydrins
    作者:Yu. N. Belokon’、V. I. Maleev、I. L. Mal’fanov、T. F. Savel’eva、N. S. Ikonnikov、A. G. Bulychev、D. L. Usanov、D. A. Kataev、M. North
    DOI:10.1007/s11172-006-0338-4
    日期:2006.5
    Chiral coordinatively saturated cobalt(III) complexes with Schiff bases of enantio-pure amino acids are formed as Λ and Δ-isomers, which are not transformed into each other under normal conditions. These complexes catalyze the formation of enantiomerically enriched cyanohydrins from aldehydes and Me3SiCN under homo-and heterogeneous catalysis.
    手性配位饱和钴 (III) 与对映纯氨基酸的席夫碱形成 Λ 和 Δ 异构体,它们在正常条件下不会相互转化。这些配合物在均相和非均相催化下催化由醛和 Me3SiCN 形成富含对映异构体的氰醇。
  • Hydrodebromination of Aromatic Bromides Catalyzed by Unsupported Nanoporous Gold: Heterolytic Cleavage of Hydrogen Molecule
    作者:Yuhui Zhao、Xiujuan Feng、Sheng Zhang、Yoshinori Yamamoto、Ming Bao
    DOI:10.1002/cctc.202000674
    日期:2020.10.6
    Unsupported nanoporous gold (AuNPore) is a highly efficient, practically applicable, and recyclable catalyst for hydrodebromination of aromatic bromides. The AuNPore‐catalyzed hydrodebromination of aromatic bromides proceeded smoothly at relatively low hydrogen pressure and temperature to achieve good to excellent yields of the corresponding non‐bromine variants. The selective hydrodebromination reaction
    无载体纳米多孔金(AuNPore)是一种高效,实用且可回收的催化剂,可用于芳族溴化物的加氢脱溴。AuNPore催化的芳族溴化物加氢脱溴反应在相对较低的氢气压力和较低温度下进行得很顺利,从而获得了相应的非溴化变体的良好或优异的收率。选择性加氢脱溴反应仅在氯原子共存时发生。首次的机理研究表明,H-H键以异解的方式在AuNPore表面分裂,生成Au-H氢化物。
  • Supported silver nanoparticle catalyst for selective hydration of nitriles to amides in water
    作者:Takato Mitsudome、Yusuke Mikami、Haruhiko Mori、Shusuke Arita、Tomoo Mizugaki、Koichiro Jitsukawa、Kiyotomi Kaneda
    DOI:10.1039/b902469g
    日期:——
    Hydroxyapatite-supported silver nanoparticles (AgHAP) acted as a highly efficient reusable heterogeneous catalyst for hydration of diverse nitriles, including heteroaromatic ones, into amides in water.
    羟基磷灰石负载银纳米颗粒(AgHAP)作为高效可重复使用的非均相催化剂,用于在水相中将多种腈类(包括杂环芳香腈)水合转化为酰胺。
  • Mono and binuclear Ag(I), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II) complexes of a new azo-azomethine as ligand: Synthesis, potentiometric, spectral and thermal studies
    作者:Ibrahim S. Ahmed、Moustafa M. Moustafa、Mohamed. M. Abd El Aziz
    DOI:10.1016/j.saa.2011.01.022
    日期:2011.5
    UV-Vis-spectra. The proton dissociation constants of the ligands and the stability constant of their complexes have been determined potentiometrically in 40% (v/v) alcohol-water medium as well as the stoichiometry of complexes were determined conductometrically. The data reveal that the stoichiometries for all complexes were prepared in molar ratios (1:1) and (1:2) (M:L). The electrolytic and nonelectrolytic
    对氨基苯甲酸,邻氨基苯甲酸酯,邻硝基苯胺和对溴苯胺分别与水杨醛反应形成偶氮化合物,然后经尿素缩合形成4-(R-芳偶氮2-水杨醛烯醛)-脲偶氮-甲亚胺衍生物(I(ad))。制备了这些配体与Ag(I),Cu(II),Zn(II)和Hg(II)金属离子的配合物。游离配体及其配合物的结构通过元素分析(C,H,N),(1)H NMR,IR和UV-Vis光谱进行表征。配体的质子解离常数及其配合物的稳定性常数已在40%(v / v)酒精-水介质中通过电势测定,并且通过电导测定了配合物的化学计量。数据表明,所有配合物的化学计量均以摩尔比(1:1)和(1:2)(M:L)制备。根据摩尔电导测量值确定配合物的电解质和非电解质性质。在氮气气氛中以10°C / min的升温速率研究了热重(TG)和差热分析(​​DTA)。使用Coats-Redfern(CR)方法通过图解法计算了复合物热分解的动力学和热力学参数。
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