作者:Michael Mccgwire
DOI:10.1111/1468-2346.00219
日期:2001.10
For those who call for a change in our approach to international relations ecause they doubt the capacity of the existing system to handle the problems hat lie ahead, the ‘paradigm’ they are seeking to ‘shift’ is usually some image of realism, that dates from Westphalia and beyond. Fortunately, the paradigm that actually shaped Western foreign policy behaviour in the last 50 years or so was a product of circumstances and personalities in the 1945–53 period that generated attitudes and behaviour patterns that became entrenched during the Cold War. In relation to the complex problems that face the international community, this national security paradigm is increasingly dysfunctional. However, because it comprises ‘attitudes’ rather than rules for action, and is non-deterministic, we should find it easier to devise an alternative, more functional paradigm and to engineer the necessary shift. The historical review that comprises the bulk of this article describes the genesis of the paradigm and how the patterns of behaviour and underlying beliefs and attitudes became entrenched in Western foreign policy. Fleshing out the characteristics of the existing paradigm suggests an alternative approach to international relations, but the importance and feasibility of engineering the necessary shift will be argued in a subsequent article in the January 2002 issue of International Affairs
对于那些因怀疑现有体系处理未来问题的能力而呼吁改变国际关系方针的人来说,他们寻求“转变”的“范式”通常是某种现实主义的形象,即来自威斯特伐利亚及其他地区。幸运的是,过去 50 年左右实际塑造西方外交政策行为的范式是 1945-53 年时期环境和个性的产物,这些因素产生了冷战期间根深蒂固的态度和行为模式。面对国际社会面临的复杂问题,这种国家安全范式日益失灵。然而,由于它包含“态度”而不是行动规则,并且具有不确定性,因此我们应该更容易设计出一种替代性的、更具功能性的范式并设计必要的转变。构成本文大部分内容的历史回顾描述了该范式的起源,以及行为模式和基本信念和态度如何在西方外交政策中根深蒂固。充实现有范式的特征提出了一种处理国际关系的替代方法,但设计必要转变的重要性和可行性将在 2002 年 1 月号《国际事务》的后续文章中讨论