In a process for preparing p-dichlorobenzene by nuclear chlorination of benzene and/or chlorobenzene as the starting material with chlorine molecules, chlorination is carried out using aluminum chloride in an amount of 0.1-3 millimols per mol of the starting material and phenothiazines such as
10
H-phenothiazine-10-carboxylic acid phenyl ester in an amount of 0.1-0.9 mols per mol of aluminum chloride so as to be a chlorination degree in a range of 1.2-2.5, by which p-dichlorobenzene can be obtained in a high para-selectivity and a short reaction time.
Structure–activity relationships for inhibition of human cholinesterases by alkyl amide phenothiazine derivatives
作者:Sultan Darvesh、Robert S. McDonald、Andrea Penwell、Sarah Conrad、Katherine V. Darvesh、Diane Mataija、Geraldine Gomez、Angela Caines、Ryan Walsh、Earl Martin
DOI:10.1016/j.bmc.2004.09.059
日期:2005.1
Several lines of evidence indicate that inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) is important in the treatment of certain dementias. Further testing of this concept requires inhibitors that are both BuChE-selective and robust.N-alkyl derivatives (2, 3, 4) of phenothiazine (1) have previously been found to inhibit only BuChE in a mechanism involving pi-pi interaction between the phenothiazine tricyclic ring system and aromatic residues in the active site gorge. To explore features of phenothiazines that affect the selectivity and potency of BuChE inhibition, a series of N-carbonyl derivatives (5-25) was synthesized and examined for the ability to inhibit cholinesterases.Some of the synthesized derivatives also inhibited AChE through a different mechanism involving carbonyl interaction within the active site gorge. Binding of these derivatives takes place within the gorge, since this inhibition disappears when the molecular volume of the derivative exceeds the estimated active site gorge volume of this enzyme. In contrast, BuChE, with a much larger active site gorge, exhibited inhibition that increased directly with the molecular volumes of the derivatives. This study describes two distinct mechanisms for binding phenothiazine amide derivatives to BuChE and AChE. Molecular volume was found to be an important parameter for BuChE-specific inhibition. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Phenothiazine Inhibitors of Trypanothione Reductase as Potential Antitrypanosomal and Antileishmanial Drugs
作者:Cecil Chan、Hong Yin、Jacqui Garforth、James H. McKie、Rabih Jaouhari、Peter Speers、Kenneth T. Douglas、Peter J. Rock、Vanessa Yardley、Simon L. Croft、Alan H. Fairlamb
DOI:10.1021/jm960814j
日期:1998.1.1
as lead structures for the development of inhibitors, selective for trypanothionereductase over host glutathione reductase. From a homology-modeled structure for trypanothionereductase, replaced in the later stages of the study by the X-ray coordinates for the enzymefrom Crithidia fasciculata, a series of inhibitors based on phenothiazine was designed. These were shown to be reversible inhibitors