Alcohol Drinkers Overreport Their Energy Intake in the BIRNH Study: Evaluation by 24-Hour Urinary Excretion of Cations
摘要:
Objective: Alcohol drinkers are generally considered to underreport their alcohol intake, but little is known about whether they correctly report their energy intake (EI). We assessed the validity of the reported energy intake of alcohol drinkers using the 24-hour urinary (U) excretion of potassium (K) and sodium (Na) as biomarkers.Methods: A total of 2,124 men and 1,998 women 25 to 74 years of age with a 24-hour urine collection. a random sample of the Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health (BIRNH), were studied. Dietary intake (D), including alcohol consumption, was assessed by a one-day food record, Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was predicted from age gender and weight. As a measure for the degree of reporting error. D-K/U-K, D-Na/U-Na, EI/U-K, Non-alcohol EI/U-Na (NAEI/U-Na), Ei/U-Na, EVU-creatinine and EI/BMR ratios were calculated and compared among non-, moderate and heavy drinkers in both genders.Results: El, NAEI and all seven ratios examined generally increased with the level of alcohol intake in both genders. After adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking and educational level, most ratios were significantly higher in moderate drinkers (p < 0.02 to p < 0.0001) and in heavy drinkers (all p < 0.0001) than in non-drinkers. These differences were most significant in male heavy drinkers. The exceptions were D-K/U-K. D-Na/U-Na and NAEI/U-Na in moderate and female heavy drinkers and EI/U-K in male moderate drinkers. The estimated amount of the overreporting of El by heavy drinkers was 27.8% in men and 13.7% in women.Conclusions: This study provides evidence that El and NAEI obtained from the BIRNH study was overreported among alcohol drinkers, especially among male heavy drinkers. It also indicates that El from alcohol replaced El from food.
使用新的 (PCN)Ir 配合物作为预催化剂和t BuNH 2作为助催化剂,开发了以乙醇为氢源的 1,3-烯炔的反式半氢化反应。该催化剂体系以高产率和立体选择性提供了一种高效且原子经济地获得不对称 ( E , E )-1,4-二芳基丁二烯的途径。监测过程显示,1,3-烯炔的三键顺式半氢化(形成 ( E , Z )-丁二烯)和 ( E , Z ) 到-( E , E ) 异构化形成( , _E )-丁二烯。
Palladium-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)-Stilbenes via Organozinc Reagents and Carbonyl Compounds
作者:Jin-Xian Wang、Kehu Wang、Lianbiao Zhao、Hongxia Li、Ying Fu、Yulai Hu
DOI:10.1002/adsc.200606016
日期:——
In the presence of a catalytic amount of PdCl2(PPh3)2 and a silylating agent, organozinc halides reacted with carbonylcompounds to give the corresponding (E)-stilbenes in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. The reaction mechanism is briefly discussed.
phosphorus sources can be recycled using the appropriate fluorous phosphine in the Wittigreaction. The designed fluorous phosphine, which has an ethylene spacer between its phosphorus atom and the perfluoroalkyl group, was synthesized from air-stable phosphine reagents. The synthesized phosphine can be used for the Wittigreaction process to obtain various alkenes in adequate yields and stereoselectivity
A Highly Tunable Stereoselective Olefination of Semistabilized Triphenylphosphonium Ylides with <i>N</i>-Sulfonyl Imines
作者:De-Jun Dong、Hai-Hua Li、Shi-Kai Tian
DOI:10.1021/ja910238f
日期:2010.4.14
The Wittigreaction involving direct olefination of triphenylphosphonium ylides (Ph(3)P horizontal lineCHR) with aldehydes is arguably the most often used method for alkene synthesis, but in general it yields mixtures of Z- and E-alkenes for semistabilized triphenylphosphonium ylides (R = aryl or vinyl). We have developed a simple and efficient protocol to improve the stereoselectivity significantly
Objective: Alcohol drinkers are generally considered to underreport their alcohol intake, but little is known about whether they correctly report their energy intake (EI). We assessed the validity of the reported energy intake of alcohol drinkers using the 24-hour urinary (U) excretion of potassium (K) and sodium (Na) as biomarkers.Methods: A total of 2,124 men and 1,998 women 25 to 74 years of age with a 24-hour urine collection. a random sample of the Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health (BIRNH), were studied. Dietary intake (D), including alcohol consumption, was assessed by a one-day food record, Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was predicted from age gender and weight. As a measure for the degree of reporting error. D-K/U-K, D-Na/U-Na, EI/U-K, Non-alcohol EI/U-Na (NAEI/U-Na), Ei/U-Na, EVU-creatinine and EI/BMR ratios were calculated and compared among non-, moderate and heavy drinkers in both genders.Results: El, NAEI and all seven ratios examined generally increased with the level of alcohol intake in both genders. After adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking and educational level, most ratios were significantly higher in moderate drinkers (p < 0.02 to p < 0.0001) and in heavy drinkers (all p < 0.0001) than in non-drinkers. These differences were most significant in male heavy drinkers. The exceptions were D-K/U-K. D-Na/U-Na and NAEI/U-Na in moderate and female heavy drinkers and EI/U-K in male moderate drinkers. The estimated amount of the overreporting of El by heavy drinkers was 27.8% in men and 13.7% in women.Conclusions: This study provides evidence that El and NAEI obtained from the BIRNH study was overreported among alcohol drinkers, especially among male heavy drinkers. It also indicates that El from alcohol replaced El from food.