pH optimization of nucleophilic reactions in water
摘要:
We present a way of prescribing the pH for a reaction so as to obtain either (a) maximum yield in competition with hydrolysis or (b) selective reaction at either of two sites in such nucleophile-electrophile reactions as C-alkylation of acidic ketones and the acylation and sulfonylation of amines. First, we derive the following general equation for pH(max), the pH giving the highest yield of the product (P) of the reaction of a nucleophile (Nu) with a hydrolyzable electrophile (E) in water: pH(max) = 1/2[log (k(w)/k(OH)) + pK(w) + pK(a)] (k(w) and k(OH) refer to the water- and hydroxide-promoted hydrolyses of E, K(w) is the autoprotolysis constant of water, and K(a) is the acid dissociation constant of NuH+, the conjugate acid of Nu). pH(max) thus depends on a property of E (namely, k(w)/k(OH)) and a property of Nu (the pK(a) of NuH+), but not on the rate constant for the reaction of E with Nu or the concentration of Nu. We then deduce analogous approximate equations for maximum selectivity for reaction at either of two nucleophilic sites, specifically, equations giving pH(xmax) and pH(ymax), the pH values for the maximum yields of the respective products (P(x) and P(y)) of the reactions of E with the two nucleophiles. We find that (a) pH-yield profiles calculated from the equations concur with observed yields for reactions under pseudo-first-order conditions and (b) preparative experiments at the estimated pH values give good to excellent yields of clean products and high selectivity in both the C-alkylation and Schotten-Baumann reactions.
Sulfonylation-Induced <i>N</i>- to <i>O</i>-Acetyl Migration in 2-Acetamidoethanol Derivatives
作者:Takao Yamaguchi、Dusan Hesek、Mijoon Lee、Allen G. Oliver、Shahriar Mobashery
DOI:10.1021/jo100456z
日期:2010.5.21
example of sulfonylation-induced N- to O-acetyl migration of 2-acetamidoethanol derivatives is described. This type of reaction could happen with any 2-acetamidoethanol derivatives under typical sulfonylation conditions (TsCl or MsCl, pyridine) and might be a common side reaction of significance. Furthermore, the results reveal that 2-acetamidoethanol derivatives with a sterically encumbered hydroxyl
Subject
The subject is to provide liquid crystal display device that has characteristics such as a short response time, a large voltage holding ratio, a low threshold voltage, a large contrast ratio, a long service life and a small flicker rate.
Means for solution
The invention relates to a liquid crystal display device including an electrode group formed on one or both of a pair of substrates that are opposed to each other, and a plurality of active devices connected to the electrode group, and a liquid crystal alignment film formed on the opposing surfaces of the pair of substrates, and a liquid crystal composition sandwiched in between the pair of substrates.
The subject is to shown a liquid crystal display device that has characteristics such as a short response time, a large voltage holding ratio, a low threshold voltage, a large contrast ratio, a long service life and a small flicker rate. The disclosure relates to a liquid crystal display device having an electrode group formed on one or both of a pair of substrates that are opposed to each other, and a plurality of active devices connected to the electrode group, and a liquid crystal alignment film formed on the opposing surfaces of the pair of substrates, and a liquid crystal composition sandwiched in between the pair of substrates, wherein the liquid crystal alignment film includes a polymer having a photodegradable group, and the liquid crystal composition includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula (1) as a first component:
Non-Invasive Molecular Imaging of Cellular Histone Deacetylase Substrate Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) or Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
申请人:Ronen Sabrina
公开号:US20100278730A1
公开(公告)日:2010-11-04
We disclose methods of detecting histone deacetylase activity in a mammal by administering to the mammal a compound comprising at least one atom having a nucleus detectable by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, wherein the compound is a substrate of histone deacetylase; and observing the compound or a cleavage product thereof in at least a portion of the body of the mammal by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We also disclose methods of detecting histone deacetylase activity in a mammal by administering to the mammal a compound comprising at least one positron-emission-decaying radioisotope, wherein the compound is a substrate of histone deacetylase; and observing the compound or a cleavage product thereof in at least a portion of the body of the mammal by positron emission tomography (PET). We also disclose compounds useful as histone deacetylase substrates.