Controlled Initiation of Enzymatic Reactions in Micrometer-Sized Biomimetic Compartments
摘要:
We present a technique to initiate chemical reactions involving few reactants inside micrometer-scale biomimetic vesicles (10(-12) to 10(-15) L) integral to three-dimensional surfactant networks. The shape of these networks is under dynamic control, allowing for transfer and mixing of two or several reactants at will. Specifically, two nanotube-connected vesicles were filled with reactants (substrate and enzyme, respectively) by microinjection. Initially, the vesicles are far apart and any diffusive mixing (on relevant experimental time scales) between the contents of the separated vesicles is hindered because of the narrow diameter and long axial extension of the nanotube. To initiate a reaction, the vesicles were brought close together, the nanotube was consumed by the vesicles and at a critical distance, the nanotube-vesicle junctions were dilated leading to formation of one spherical reactor, and hence mixing of the contents. We demonstrate the concept using a model enzymatic reaction, which yields a fluorescent product (two-step hydrolysis of fluorescein diphosphate by alkaline phosphatase), where product formation was measured as a function of time using a FRAP fluorescence microscopy protocol. By comparing the enzymatic activity with bulk measurements, the enzyme concentration inside the vesicle could be determined. Reactions could be followed for systems having as few as approximately 15 enzyme molecules confined to a reactor vesicle. To describe the experiments we use a simple diffusion-controlled reaction model and solve it using a survival probability approach. The agreement with experiment is qualitative, but the model describes the trends well. It is shown that the model correctly predicts (i) single-exponential decay after a few seconds, and (ii) that the substrate decay constant depends on the number of enzymes and geometry of reaction container. The numerical correction factor A is introduced in order to ensure semiquantitative agreement between experiment and theory. It was shown that this numerical factor depends weakly on vesicle radius and number of enzymes, thus it is sufficient to determine this factor only once in a single calibration measurement.
Phosphonic acid derivatives as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase IB (PTP-IB)
申请人:——
公开号:US20020052344A1
公开(公告)日:2002-05-02
The invention encompasses the novel class of compounds represented by formula I which are inhibitors of the PTP-1B enzyme.
1
The invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treating or preventing PTP-1B mediated diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and diabetes-related diseases.
Disclosed are compounds of the Formula I
1
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof, wherein A, B, R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
and R
5
are as defined in the specification.
Such compounds are tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors and useful in the treatment or prevention of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Also encompassed by the invention are formulations comprising the noted compounds, processes for preparing such compounds, a method for treating or preventing Type II Diabetes Mellitus.
[EN] COMPOUNDS AND METHODS FOR CONJUGATION OF BIOMOLECULES<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS ET PROCÉDÉS DE CONJUGAISON DE BIOMOLÉCULES
申请人:LIFE TECHNOLOGIES CORP
公开号:WO2012121973A1
公开(公告)日:2012-09-13
Low-copper click chemistry, 1.3-dipolar cycloadditions, and Staudinger ligations for modifying biomolecules is provided. Compositions, methods, and kits relating to low-copper click chemistry, 1.3-dipolar cycloadditions, and Staudinger ligations are also provided.
[EN] TC-PTP INHIBITORS AS APC ACTIVATORS FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE TC-PTP EN TANT QU'ACTIVATEURS D'APC POUR L'IMMUNOTHÉRAPIE
申请人:UNIV MCGILL
公开号:WO2015127548A1
公开(公告)日:2015-09-03
The invention encompasses the novel class of compounds represented by the Formula (I) below, which are inhibitors of the TC-PTP enzyme. The invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions which include the compounds shown above and methods of treating or preventing TC-PTP mediated diseases, including cancer, via their use in the activation of antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells, for applications in the immunotherapeutic treatment of diseases.
[EN] NOVEL COMPOUNDS AS WIP1 INHIBITORS<br/>[FR] NOUVEAUX COMPOSÉS EN TANT QU'INHIBITEURS DE WIP1
申请人:GLAXOSMITHKLINE LLC
公开号:WO2012149102A1
公开(公告)日:2012-11-01
This invention relates to the use of acylated alanine derivatives for the modulation, notably the inhibition of the activity of WIP1. Suitably, the present invention relates to the use of acylated alanine derivatives in the treatment of cancer.