Mechanism of the reaction of neutral and anionic N-nucleophiles with α-halocarbonyl compounds
作者:A. S. Morkovnik、L. N. Divaeva、V. A. Anisimova
DOI:10.1007/s11172-007-0182-1
日期:2007.6
N-Acylalkylation of neutral and anionic N-nucleophiles with α-halocarbonyl compounds was investigated by quantum chemical methods in terms of the density functional theory and by experimental methods for 2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]quinazolin-1(10)H-5-one, its N-anion, and simpler model structures. High reactivity of these reagents is determined primarily by stabilization of transition states (TS) by bridge bonds involving halogen or nitrogen atoms rather than by conjugation, as has been commonly accepted. Bridged TS are formed by both the substitution mechanism S N 2 and the addition-elimination mechanism. α-Haloalkyl-substituted zwitterions, which are potential intermediates of stepwise N-acylalkylation of neutral N-nucleophiles, do not exist in the isolated state, but they are rather efficiently stabilized upon solvation. These zwitterions, as well as analogous O-anions generated from anionic N-nucleophiles, can serve as intermediates of N-acylalkylation, as was demonstrated by localization of the corresponding TS.
通过量子化学方法研究了中性和阴离子 N-核亲和剂与 α-卤代羰基化合物的 N-酰烷基化反应,包括密度泛函理论以及 2,3-二氢咪唑并[2,1-b]喹唑啉-1(10)H-5-酮、其 N-阴离子和更简单的模型结构的实验方法。这些试剂的高反应活性主要是由涉及卤素原子或氮原子的桥键对过渡态(TS)的稳定作用决定的,而不是像人们通常认为的那样是由共轭作用决定的。桥键过渡态可通过取代机理 S N 2 和加成-消除机理形成。α-卤代烷基取代型三聚氰胺是中性 N-亲核物逐步 N-酰烷基化的潜在中间体,它们在孤立状态下并不存在,但在溶解后会有效地稳定下来。这些齐聚物以及由阴离子 N-亲核物生成的类似 O-阴离子可以作为 N-酰基烷基化的中间体,相应 TS 的定位也证明了这一点。