Specific N-Alkylation of Hydroxypyridines Achieved by a Catalyst- and Base-Free Reaction with Organohalides
摘要:
A specific N-alkylation of 2-hydroxypyridines is achieved by reacting with organohalides under catalyst- and base-free conditions. The observed HX-facilitated conversion of pyridyl ether intermediates to 2-pyridone products may account for the success and specific N-alkylation of the reaction under the unexpectedly simple conditions. This new reaction may provide a useful alternative for the synthesis of 2-pyridones and analogous structures because of its >99% N-selectivity, relatively broad scopes of both substrates, and no mandatory use of catalysts and bases.
This invention provides novel compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, that are useful as caspase inhibitors. These compounds have the general formula I:
1
where R
1
, R
2
, and R
3
are as described herein, Ring A contains zero to two double bonds, each X is independently selected from nitrogen or carbon, at least one X in Ring A is a nitrogen, Ring A is optionally substituted as described, and may be fused to a saturated or unsaturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and provided that when X
3
is a carbon, a substituent on X
3
is attached by an atom other than nitrogen.
This invention provides novel compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, that are useful as caspase inhibitors. These compounds have the general formula I:
where R
1
, R
2
, and R
3
are as described herein, Ring A contains zero to two double bonds, each X is independently selected from nitrogen or carbon, at least one X in Ring A is a nitrogen, Ring A is optionally substituted as described, and may be fused to a saturated or unsaturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and provided that when X
3
is a carbon, a substituent on X
3
is attached by an atom other than nitrogen.
A comparison of N- versus O-alkylation of substituted 2-pyridones under Mitsunobu conditions
作者:Matthew C. Torhan、Norton P. Peet、John D. Williams
DOI:10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.05.054
日期:2013.7
2-Pyridones are well-known ambident nucleophiles which are capable of reacting with electrophiles through either the nitrogen or oxygen atom to form N-alkyl-2-pyridones or 2-alkoxypyridines, respectively. It has been shown that the ratio of these products can be affected by a number of factors including the nature of the electrophile, the base used for deprotonation, and the solvent. We have now discovered a relationship between the ratio of N- and O-alkylation products and the nature of substituents on the pyridone ring when the Mitsunobu reaction is used to alkylate 2-pyridones. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.