Design of highly efficient Mo and W-promoted SnO<sub>2</sub>solid acids for heterogeneous catalysis: acetalization of bio-glycerol
作者:Baithy Mallesham、Putla Sudarsanam、Gangadhara Raju、Benjaram M. Reddy
DOI:10.1039/c2gc36152c
日期:——
Development of highly promising solid acids is one of the key technologies to meet the essential challenges of economical and environmental concerns. Thus, novel molybdenum and tungsten promoted SnO2 solid acids (wet-impregnation) and pure SnO2 (fusion method) were prepared. The synthesized catalysts were systematically analyzed using various techniques, namely, XRD, BET surface area, pore size distribution, XPS, FTIR, FTIR of adsorbed pyridine, Raman, NH3-TPD, and H2-TPR. XRD results suggested formation of nanocrystalline SnO2 solid solutions due to the incorporation of molybdenum and tungsten cations into the SnO2 lattice. All the materials exhibited smaller crystallite size, remarkable porosity, and high specific surface area. Raman measurements suggested the formation of more oxygen vacancy defects in the doped catalysts, and the TPR results confirmed facile reduction of the doped SnO2. NH3-TPD studies revealed the beneficial role of molybdenum and tungsten oxides on the acidic properties of the SnO2. FTIR studies of adsorbed pyridine showed the existence of a larger number of Brønsted acidic sites compared to Lewis acidic sites in the prepared catalysts. The resulting catalysts are found to be efficient solid acids for acetalization of glycerol with acetone, furfural, and its derivatives under solvent-free and ambient temperature conditions. Particularly, the Mo6+-doped SnO2 catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance in terms of both glycerol conversion and selectivity of the products. The increased presence of acidic sites and enhanced specific surface area, accompanied by notable redox properties and superior lattice defects are found to be the decisive factors for better catalytic activity of the Mo6+-doped SnO2 sample. The investigated SnO2 solid acids represent a novel class of heterogeneous catalysts useful for the transformation of glycerol to value-added products in an eco-friendly manner.
开发高潜力的固体酸是应对经济和环境挑战的关键技术之一。因此,制备了新型的钼和钨促进的SnO2固体酸(湿浸法)以及纯SnO2(熔融法)。合成的催化剂采用多种技术系统性分析,包括XRD、BET比表面积、孔径分布、XPS、FTIR、吸附吡啶的FTIR、拉曼光谱、NH3-TPD和H2-TPR。XRD结果表明,钼和钨阳离子掺入SnO2晶格中形成了纳米晶体SnO2固溶体。所有材料都表现出较小的晶体尺寸、显著的孔隙率和高比表面积。拉曼光谱测量表明,掺杂催化剂中形成了更多的氧缺陷,TPR结果证实了掺杂SnO2的易还原性。NH3-TPD研究揭示了钼和钨氧化物对SnO2酸性特性的有益作用。吸附吡啶的FTIR研究显示,与路易斯酸性位点相比,所制备催化剂中布朗斯特酸性位点的数量更多。所得催化剂被发现是高效的固体酸,能够在无溶剂和常温条件下,将甘油与丙酮、呋喃醛及其衍生物进行缩醛化。特别是,Mo6+掺杂的SnO2催化剂在甘油转化率和产物选择性方面展现出优异的催化性能。酸性位点的增加和比表面积的提升,以及显著的红氧还原特性和优越的晶格缺陷被认为是Mo6+掺杂的SnO2样品具有较好催化活性的决定性因素。所研究的SnO2固体酸代表了一类新型的异相催化剂,适用于以环保方式将甘油转化为增值产品。