The present invention provides a compound represented by the following formula [1′] or a salt thereof:
wherein ring A, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
and X are as defined in the description, and an agent for the treatment or prophylaxis of a pathology involving glucocorticoid, or a 11βHSD1 inhibitor, containing the compound or a salt thereof.
mild, reagent-cyanide-free, and efficient synthesis of O-phosphinoyl-protected cyanohydrins from readily available α-substituted malononitriles was realized using diarylphosphine oxides in the presence of O2. Mechanistic studies indicated that in addition to the initial aerobic oxidation of the malononitrile derivative notable features of this process include the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate
Chemoselective 1,2- and 1,4-addition of malononitriles to ortho-formyl chalcones using cinchona alkaloid based bifunctional chiral organocatalysts has been shown by tuning the electronic nature of the malononitriles. Alkyl (hard) malononitriles undergo an asymmetric 1,2-addition followed by oxa-Michael reaction cascade to afford 1,3-disubstituted isobenzofurans with high enantio- and diastereoselectivity
A simply catalytic system containing palladium-phosphine complex, generated in situ from PdCl2/tert-phosphino ligand in pyridine, has been systematically studied in the cross-coupling of bromobenzene with malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate anion. The effect of molar ratio of phosphine ligand to PdCl2 on the activity of the coupling was also discussed. It is found that the catalytic system has highly catalytic activity to produce aryl malononitriles and cyanoacetates in considerable yields (67-90%) when the substituted aryl bromides were used as substrates.
A highly efficient catalytic system for cross-coupling of aryl chlorides and bromides with malononitrile anion by palladium carbene complexesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: experimental details. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b3/b302890a/
Six imidazolium chlorides (1–6) as precursors of 1,3-diaryl substituted N-heterocyclic carbene ligands were synthesized and evaluated in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of aryl chlorides and bromides with malononitrile in the presence of NaH. Among them, 1,3-bis(2,4,6-triethylphenyl)imidazolium chloride (5) and 1,3-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)imidazolium chloride (6) are novel. The catalytic system combining Pd(0) with imidazolium salts 4, 5 and 6 with bulky aryl groups in pyridine is found to be superior over others and afforded α-arylmalononitriles in high yields when employing a wide variety of substrates.