通过使用NiBr(2)·二甘醇二甲醚原位形成的催化剂和pybox配体(两者均可商购),我们实现了未活化叔烷基亲电试剂偶联反应的第一个实例,并取得了首次成功镍催化偶联产生除 CC 键以外的键。具体来说,我们已经确定,这种催化剂在温和条件下完成了未活化的叔、仲和伯烷基卤化物与二硼试剂的宫浦型硼酸化反应,以提供烷基硼酸酯,这是一个具有实质性(并扩大)效用的化合物家族;事实上,叔烷基溴的 umpolung 硼酸化可以在低至 -10 °C 的温度下实现。该方法表现出良好的官能团兼容性和区域特异性,这两者都可能是合成烷基硼酸酯的传统方法的问题。与看似相关的镍催化 CC 键形成过程相反,在这种镍催化的 CB 键形成反应中,叔卤化物比仲卤化物或伯卤化物更具反应性;鉴于两种转化都可能遵循氧化加成的内球电子转移途径,这种差异尤其值得注意。
Zn- and Cu-Catalyzed Coupling of Tertiary Alkyl Bromides and Oxalates to Forge Challenging C–O, C–S, and C–N Bonds
作者:Yuxin Gong、Zhaodong Zhu、Qun Qian、Weiqi Tong、Hegui Gong
DOI:10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04206
日期:2021.2.5
We describe here the facile construction of sterically hindered tertiary alkyl ethers and thioethers via the Zn(OTf)2-catalyzed coupling of alcohols/phenols with unactivated tertiary alkyl bromides and the Cu(OTf)2-catalyzed thiolation of unactivated tertiary alkyloxalates with thiols. The present protocol represents one of the most effective unactivated tertiary C(sp3)–heteroatom bond-forming conditions
Electroreductive Carbofunctionalization of Alkenes with Alkyl Bromides via a Radical-Polar Crossover Mechanism
作者:Wen Zhang、Song Lin
DOI:10.1021/jacs.0c08532
日期:2020.12.9
variety of alkene functionalization reactions, most of which proceed via an anodic oxidation pathway. In this report, we further expand the scope of electrochemistry to the reductive functionalization of alkenes. In particular, the strategic choice of reagents and reaction conditions enabled a radical-polar crossover pathway wherein two distinct electrophiles can be added across an alkene in a highly
Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols via Cu-Catalyzed Hydrocarbonylative Coupling of Alkynes with Alkyl Halides
作者:Li-Jie Cheng、Shahidul M. Islam、Neal P. Mankad
DOI:10.1021/jacs.7b12582
日期:2018.1.24
suggested a different pathway was operative with tertiary alkyl halides compared with primary and secondary alkyl halides for generating the key copper(III) oxidative adduct. For tertiary electrophiles, an acyl halide likely forms via radical atom transfer carbonylation. The preference for 1,2-reduction over 1,4-reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketonesbearing tertiary substituents was rationalized using density
General method for iron-catalyzed multicomponent radical cascades–cross-couplings
作者:Lei Liu、Maria Camila Aguilera、Wes Lee、Cassandra R. Youshaw、Michael L. Neidig、Osvaldo Gutierrez
DOI:10.1126/science.abj6005
日期:2021.10.22
addition to vinyl boronates) with Grignard reagents. Then, we extended the scope of these radical cascades by developing a general and broadly applicable Fe-catalyzed multicomponent annulation–cross-coupling protocol that engages a wide range of π-systems and permits the practical synthesis of cyclic fluorous compounds. Mechanistic studies are consistent with a bisarylated Fe(II) species being responsible
过渡金属催化的交叉偶联反应是化学合成中应用最广泛的一些方法。然而,尽管铁 (Fe) 作为一种潜在的更便宜、更丰富、毒性更小的过渡金属催化剂具有显着优势,但其在多组分交叉偶联中的实际应用仍然很大程度上不成功。我们展示了 1,2-双(二环己基膦基)乙烷 Fe 催化的 α-硼基自由基(由选择性自由基加成到乙烯基硼酸盐产生)与格氏试剂的偶联。然后,我们通过开发一种通用且广泛适用的 Fe 催化多组分环化-交叉偶联方案扩展了这些自由基级联的范围,该方案涉及广泛的 π 系统并允许实际合成环状氟化合物。
Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Electron-Rich Aryl Iodides with Tertiary Alkyl Halides
作者:Xuan Wang、Guobin Ma、Yu Peng、Chloe E. Pitsch、Brenda J. Moll、Thu D. Ly、Xiaotai Wang、Hegui Gong
DOI:10.1021/jacs.8b09473
日期:2018.10.31
This work illustrates the reductive coupling of electron-richaryl halides with tertiary alkyl halides under Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling conditions, which offers an efficient protocol for the construction of all carbon quaternary stereogenic centers. The mild and easy-to-operate reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups. The utility of this method is manifested by the preparation
这项工作说明了富电子芳基卤化物与叔烷基卤化物在 Ni 催化的交叉亲电偶联条件下的还原偶联,为构建所有碳四元立体中心提供了有效的方案。温和且易于操作的反应可耐受广泛的官能团。该方法的实用性通过环色胺衍生物的制备得到证明,其中成功掺入 7-吲哚基部分特别令人感兴趣,因为许多天然产物由这些关键支架组成。已经进行了 DFT 计算以研究提议的自由基链和双氧化加成途径,这为在溶液中发生的反应部分提供了有用的机理见解。