Development, Synthetic Scope, and Mechanistic Studies of the Palladium-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Functionalized 1,6-Dienes in the Presence of Silane
作者:Philip Kisanga、Ross A. Widenhoefer
DOI:10.1021/ja001730+
日期:2000.10.1
A 1:1 mixture of the pi-allyl palladium complex (eta (3)-C3H5)Pd(CI)PCy3 Cia) and NaB[3,5-C6H3(CF3)(2)](4) in the presence of HSiEt3 catalyzed the cycloisomerization of diethyl diallylmalonate (2b) to form 4,4-dicarbomethoxy 1,2-dimethylcyclopentane (3b) in 98% yield with 98% isomeric purity. The procedure tolerated a range of functionality including esters, ketones, sulfones, protected alcohols, and substitution at the allylic and terminal olefinic carbon atoms. Cycloisomerization of 2b obeyed zero-order kinetics to >3 half-lives with initial formation of 1,1-dicarboethoxy-4-methyl-3-methylenecyclopentane (4b), followed by secondary isomerization to 3b. Deuterium labeling studies revealed that the conversion of 2b to 4b was accompanied by significant H/D exchange, consistent with an addition/elimination pathway coupled with facile H/D exchange of the Pd-H(D) intermediates with free silane.
A Dinuclear Palladium(I) Ethynyl Complex: Synthesis, Structure, and Dynamics
The reaction of Pd(eta (3)-C3H5)(2) with (PPr3)-Pr-i at -30 degreesC affords yellow crystals of the Pd-II complex ((Pr3P)-Pr-i)Pd(eta (3)-C3H5)(eta (3)-C3H5) (1). At 20 degreesC 1 transforms into the dinuclear Pd-I complex ((Pr3P)-Pr-i)Pd)(2)(mu -C3H5)(2) (2) due to oxidative C-C coupling of two allyl groups with elimination of 1,5-hexadiene. Heating 1 or 2 in 1,6-heptadiene to 80 degreesC produces the Pd-0 complex ((Pr3P)-Pr-i)Pd(eta (2),eta (2)-C7H12) (3) (eta (3)-C3H5)PdCl}(2) reacts with (Pr3P)-Pr-i to give ((Pr3P)-Pr-i)Pd(eta (3)-C3H5)Cl (4b), from which further derivatives ((Pr3P)-Pr-i)Pd(eta (3)-C3H5)X (X = OSO2CF3 (4a), C drop CH (5a), CH3 (5b)) are obtained by replacement reactions. The mononuclear Pd-II-acetylide Sa and complex 3 combine to give the dinuclear Pd-I derivative ((Pr3P)-Pr-i)Pd}(2)(mu -C3H5)(mu (2)-eta (2)-C2H) (6). The Pd-Pd bond in 6 is unsymmetrically bridged by a pi -allyl and a sigma-pi -ethynyl group, as determined by X-ray structure analysis. The structures of 1, 4a,b, and 6 are dynamic in solution, with 1 undergoing an exchange of the binding modes of the pi- and sigma -coordinated allyl groups and 4a,b displaying a pi/sigma -allyl group rearrangement, and in 6 the C drop CH substituent oscillates in its pi -coordination from one Pd-I atom to the other.