Stepwise versus Direct Long-Range Charge Separation in Molecular Triads
摘要:
Trifunctional electron donor-donor-acceptor molecules are described in which photoinduced charge separation, D-2-D-1-A* --> D-2-D-1(+)-A(-), is followed by a charge migration step D-2-D-1(+)-A(-) (CS1) --> D-2(+)-D-1-A- (CS2), leading to a relatively long-lived charge-separated state. The rate of the charge migration process could be determined in a range of solvents of low polarity. In benzene and dioxane, reversibility of the process allowed the determination of the free energy difference between CS1 and CS2. The relative energy of the CS2 state is much lower than expected from simple electrostatic models. An increase of the charge migration rate was found with increasing solvent polarity within a series of alkyl ethers or alkyl acetates. However, an apparent preferential stabilization of the CS1 state in acetates relative to ethers leads to discontinuities in the solvatochromic shift behavior of the CT fluorescence from the CS1 state, and in the increase of the charge migration rate as a function of dielectric constant. In a reference compound lacking the intermediate redox unit, direct long-range charge separation yielding a D-2(+)-bridge-A(-) charge-separated state can occur, but the yield is significantly lower than in the triads.
Stepwise versus Direct Long-Range Charge Separation in Molecular Triads
摘要:
Trifunctional electron donor-donor-acceptor molecules are described in which photoinduced charge separation, D-2-D-1-A* --> D-2-D-1(+)-A(-), is followed by a charge migration step D-2-D-1(+)-A(-) (CS1) --> D-2(+)-D-1-A- (CS2), leading to a relatively long-lived charge-separated state. The rate of the charge migration process could be determined in a range of solvents of low polarity. In benzene and dioxane, reversibility of the process allowed the determination of the free energy difference between CS1 and CS2. The relative energy of the CS2 state is much lower than expected from simple electrostatic models. An increase of the charge migration rate was found with increasing solvent polarity within a series of alkyl ethers or alkyl acetates. However, an apparent preferential stabilization of the CS1 state in acetates relative to ethers leads to discontinuities in the solvatochromic shift behavior of the CT fluorescence from the CS1 state, and in the increase of the charge migration rate as a function of dielectric constant. In a reference compound lacking the intermediate redox unit, direct long-range charge separation yielding a D-2(+)-bridge-A(-) charge-separated state can occur, but the yield is significantly lower than in the triads.
The present invention provides compounds of general formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X, n, Y, and R1 are defined generally and in subsets herein. Compounds of the invention are inhibitors of CCR2 and accordingly are useful for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune diseases, disorders, or conditions.
The present invention provides compounds of general formula I:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X, n, Y, and R
1
are defined generally and in subsets herein. Compounds of the invention are inhibitors of CCR2 and accordingly are useful for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune diseases, disorders, or conditions.
The present invention provides compounds of general formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X, n, Y, and R1 are defined generally and in subsets herein. Compounds of the invention are inhibitors of CCR2 and accordingly are useful for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory, allergic, and autoimmune diseases, disorders, or conditions.