毒理性
识别：氯代萘共有75种可能的同系物。商业产品通常是几种同系物的混合物，从稀薄液体到硬蜡到高熔点固体不等。高氯代萘产品曾被用作冷凝器和电容器的浸渍剂，在电子和汽车应用中作为浸渍封装化合物，以及在制造陶瓷部件时作为临时粘合剂，在纸张涂层和合金的精密铸造中，在电镀、止焊剂、作为齿轮油和切削液的添加剂，在电线电缆和导体的防火和绝缘以及防潮密封剂中作为隔离剂，在电池中作为分离器，在折射率测试油中，电镀中的遮蔽化合物以及在磨轮润滑剂中。人类暴露：氯代萘进入环境的主要来源可能是废物焚烧和处理含有氯代萘的物品到垃圾填埋场。过去，工作场所中氯代萘的浓度曾达到14.5毫克/立方米，而在制造场地附近室外空气中的水平记录为25-2900纳克/立方米。最近的研究监测表明，在半农村地区氯代萘的浓度高达150皮克/立方米，而在偏远地区的浓度为1-40皮克/立方米。室外空气中的主要同系物是三氯和四氯萘。最近的监测研究氯代萘可以通过口服、吸入和皮肤途径吸收，口服给药后在全身吸收和分布。氯代萘，特别是多氯二苯并对位二噁烷（多氯联苯）样同系物，已经在普通人群的脂肪组织、肝脏、血液和母乳样本中以纳克/千克脂肪的浓度被检测到。职业暴露于氯代萘后报告了严重的皮肤反应（氯痤疮）和肝病。在20世纪30年代至40年代处理氯代萘的工人中氯痤疮很常见。在一项针对电缆制造厂接触氯代萘的工人的队列研究中，发现死于肝硬化的死亡人数过多。然而，与没有氯痤疮的其他工人相比，有氯痤疮的个体并没有显示出更高的因肝硬化死亡的风险。所有接触男性的癌症总死亡率略有但显著升高（标准化死亡率=1.18），但在有氯痤疮的亚队列中并没有更高。这个亚队列显示出食管癌和良性及未指明肿瘤的死亡率有统计学意义的过多。接触氯代萘的工人描述的症状包括眼睛刺激、疲劳、头痛、贫血、血尿、阳痿、厌食、呕吐和严重的腹痛。动物研究：氯代萘在鱼类中已被证明具有高度生物累积性，但在虾类和藻类中则较少。观察到的生物累积量随着氯代萘氯化程度的增加而增加。最高氯代的萘似乎不生物累积。鱼类中氯代萘的浓度高达大约300微克/千克脂肪重量。1,2,3,4-四氯萘在沙门氏菌Ames试验中没有表现出致突变性。对海鸟蛋的监测研究显示，1974年至1987年间氯代萘水平有所下降。羟基代谢物主要在实验动物中为低氯代萘（单体到四体）所识别。还有初步迹象表明，在老鼠的粪便中存在甲基硫代或甲基亚砜氯萘代谢物。父母化合物和/或代谢物的消除通过粪便和尿液进行。较高氯代的同系物似乎比较低氯代的毒性更大。氯代萘的长期和致癌性研究尚未进行。像相关化合物一样，氯代萘已被证明是细胞色素p450（CYP）依赖性微粒体酶的诱导剂。氯代萘还发现会改变大鼠的脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性，表现出氧化应激的特征。至少氯代萘的一些生物学和毒性反应被认为是通过细胞质Ah受体介导的，类似于2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并对位二噁烷（TCDD）和相关化合物的反应。所有测试的氯代萘都会在实验室动物中引起皮肤刺激。氯代萘对水生生物的急性毒性似乎为中等至高度。四氯和五氯萘同系物在生物群中往往占主导地位。/氯代萘，更高氯代的萘/
IDENTIFICATION: There are 75 possible congeners of chlorinated naphthalenes. Commercial products are generally mixtures of several congeners and range from thin liquids to hard waxes to high melting point solids. The higher chlorinated naphthalene products have been used as impregnants for condensers and capacitors and dipping encapsulating cmpd in electronic and automotive applications and as temporary binders in the manufacture of ceramic components, in paper coating and in precision casting of alloys, in electroplating, stop-off cmpd, as additive in gear oils and cutting cmpd, in flame proofing and insulation of electrical cable and conductors and moisture proof sealants, as separators in batteries, in refractive index testing oils, masking cmpd in electroplating and in grinding wheel lubricants. HUMAN EXPOSURE: The major sources of release of chlorinated naphthalenes into the environment are likely from waste incineration and disposal of items containing chlorinated naphthalenes to landfill. In the past, chlorinated naphthalene concn of up to 14.5 mg/cu m have been measured in the workplace, while levels of 25-2900 ng/cu m have been recorded in out door air in vicinity of manufacturing sites. More recently, monitoring studies have revealed chlorinated naphthalene concn up to 150 pg/cu m at semirural sites and 1-40 pg/cu m at remote sites. Predominant cogners in out door air were tri- and tetrachloronaphthalenes. Recent monitoring studies Chlorinated naphthalenes can be absorbed via oral, inhalative and dermal routes, with absorption and distribution over the whole body after oral admin. Chlorinated naphthalenes, especially the dioxin like congeners, have been detected in adipose tissue, liver, blood and breast milk samples from the general population at concn in the ng/kg lipid range. Severe skin reactions (chloracne) and liver disease have been reported after occupational exposure to chlorinated naphthalenes. Chloracne was common among workers who handling chlorinated naphthalenes in the 1930's to 1940's. A cohort study on workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes at a cable manufacturing plant found an excess of deaths from cirrhosis of the liver. However, individuals with chloracne did not show a higher mortality due to liver cirrhosis compared with other workers. The mortality from all cancers was slightly but significantly elevated among all exposed men (standardized mortality ratio =1.18, but was not more elevated in the subcohort with chloracne. This subcohort showed statistically significant excess mortality from cancer of the esophagus and from benign and unspecified neoplasms. Symptoms described in workers exposed to chlorinated naphthalenes included irritation of the eyes, fatigue, headache, anemia, hematuria, impotency, anorexia, vomiting and severe abdominal pain. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chlorinated naphthalenes have been shown to be highly bioaccumulative in fish, but less so in shrimp and algae. The amount of bioaccumulation observed incr with the degree of chlorination of the chlorinated naphthalenes. The most highly chlorinated naphthalenes do not appear to bioaccumulate. Chlorinated naphthalene concn in fish range up to a maximum of around 300 ug/kg lipid weight. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene has demonstrated no mutagenicity in the Salmonella Ames test. Monitoring studies with seabird eggs have revealed a decr in chlorinated naphthalene levels between 1974 and 1987. Hydroxy metabolites have been identified mostly for the lower chlorinated naphthalenes (mono- to tetra-) in experimental animals. There are also preliminary indications for the occurrence of methylthio- or methyl sulfoxide chloronaphthalene metabolites in the feces of rats. Elimination of the parent compounds and/or metabolites occurs via feces and urine. The higher chlorinated congeners appeared to be more toxic than the lower chlorinated ones. Longterm and carcinogenicity studies with chlorinated naphthalenes have not been performed. Like related cmpd, chlorinated naphthalenes have been demonstrated to be inducers of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) dependent microsomal enzymes. Chlorinated naphthalenes were also found to change lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats in a manner indicative of oxidative stress. At least some of the biological and toxic responses of chlorinated naphthalenes are believed to be mediated via the cytosolic Ah receptor, resembling those of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related cmpd. All chlorinated naphthalenes tested cause skin irritations in laboratory animals. Chlorinated napthalenes appear to be of moderate to high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. Tetra- and pentachloronaphthalene congeners tend to predominate in the biota. /Chlorinated naphthalenes, Higher Chlorinated Naphthalenes/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
