A series of C-2-symmetric compounds with a mannitol-based scaffold has been investigated, both theoretically and experimentally, as Plm II inhibitors. Four different stereoisomers with either benzyloxy or allyloxy P1/P1' side chains were studied. Computational ranking of the binding affinities of the eight compounds was carried out using the linear interaction energy (LIE) method relying on a complex previously determined by crystallography. Within both series of isomers the theoretical binding energies were in agreement with the enzymatic measurements, illustrating the power of the LIE method for the prediction of ligand affinities prior to synthesis. The structural models of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes obtained from the MD simulations provided a basis for interpretation of further structure-activity relationships. Hence, the affinity of a structurally similar ligand, but with a different P2/P2' substituent was examined using the same procedure. The predicted improvement in binding constant agreed well with experimental results. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Degradable Thermosets from Sugar-Derived Dilactones
作者:James J. Gallagher、Marc A. Hillmyer、Theresa M. Reineke
DOI:10.1021/ma401904x
日期:2014.1.28
Using the sugar derivatives glucarodilactone and mannarodilactone, two new dimethacrylate monomers (GDMA and MDMA) were synthesized by a tin-catalyzed alcohol-isocyanate coupling between the dilactones and isocyanatoethyl methacrylate. GDMA was polymerized using thermally initiated free radical polymerization at 135 degrees C in the presence of dicumyl peroxide as an initiator. The fractional conversion of methacrylate groups in PGDMA was determined by FT-IR to be 0.64, within the typical range of poly(dimethacrylates). Tensile testing of PGDMA demonstrated the stiff but brittle nature of this material and the modulus was shown to be similar to that reported for commercially available poly(dimethacrylates) from rigid monomers. The hydrolytic stability of PGDMA was investigated by submersing polymer samples in acidic, neutral, and basic aqueous environments. PGDMA degraded to water-soluble components after 17 days in 1 M NaOH but remained stable under acidic and neutral conditions. Solvent casting a mixture of GDMA, MDMA, and benzoyl peroxide followed by thermal curing at 95 C gave clear P(GDMA-co-MDMA) (3:2) coatings. These coatings showed similar hydrolytic stability to the bulk PGDMA material. GDMA and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were used to synthesize P(GDMA-co-MMA) microspheres by precipitation polymerization in THF. These particles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) in THF and in the dry state by scanning electron microscopy. Optimization of polymerization conditions yielded 730 nm diameter particles with a spherical morphology and low dispersity as determined by DLS.
THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF d-MANNURONIC ACID LACTONE FROM THE MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA