Proximphan is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Carbamates form unstable complexes with chlolinesterases by carbamoylation of the active sites of the enzymes. This inhibition is reversible. A cholinesterase inhibitor suppresses the action of acetylcholine esterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholine esterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性(未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Chronically high (>10 years) exposure leads to neuropsychological consequences including disturbances in perception and visuo-motor processing (A15321).
As with organophosphates, the signs and symptoms are based on excessive cholinergic stimulation. Unlike organophosphate poisoning, carbamate poisonings tend to be of shorter duration because the inhibition of nervous tissue acetylcholinesterase is reversible, and carbamates are more rapidly metabolized. Muscle weakness, dizziness, sweating and slight body discomfort are commonly reported early symptoms. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Contraction of the pupils with blurred vision, incoordination, muscle twitching and slurred speech have been reported. (L795)
Darstellung von O-Acylhydroxylaminen mit (E)- und (Z)-Acethydroximsäuremethylester als Schutzfunktion
作者:Ernst-Ulrich Ketz、Gerwalt Zinner
DOI:10.1002/ardp.19783110614
日期:——
Titelverbindung 1 eignen sich gleichermaßen gut als Schutzfunktion zur Darstellung N‐unsubstituierter O‐Acylhydroxylamine 3: nach erfolgter Acylierungdes Esters mit Säurechloriden, Chlorameisensäureestern und Isocyanaten gelingt ihre Entfernung unabhängig von der Konfiguration durch eine standardisierte Acidolyse.
PESTICIDE PREPARATIONS IN THE FORM OF AQUEOUS SUSPENSION
申请人:SHIONOGI & CO., LTD.
公开号:EP1090551A1
公开(公告)日:2001-04-11
Pesticide preparations in the form of an aqueous suspension wherein particles containing one or more pesticidal active ingredients and having a solubility in water at 20 °C of from 100 ppm to 1,000 ppm (inclusive) are dispersed in an aqueous vehicle containing a condensed arylsulfonic acid salt optionally combined with a lignin sulfonic acid salt. These preparations can achieve a preparation stability of inhibiting the development of the pesticidal active ingredient particles while exerting biological effects comparable to those of granular pesticides. Moreover, the above preparations show a chemical injury frequency comparable to or lower than those of granular pesticides.
水悬浮剂形式的农药制剂,其中含有一种或多种农药活性成分的颗粒在 20 °C 时的水中溶解度为 100 ppm 至 1,000 ppm(含),分散在含有缩合芳基磺酸盐(可选择与木质素磺酸盐结合)的水载体中。这些制剂可以实现抑制农药活性成分颗粒发育的制剂稳定性,同时发挥与颗粒状农药相当的生物效应。此外,上述制剂的化学伤害频率与颗粒农药相当或更低。
Goldschmidt, Chemische Berichte, 1889, vol. 22, p. 3103