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硝酸铵 | 54378-28-8

中文名称
硝酸铵
中文别名
——
英文名称
ammonium nitrate
英文别名
azanium;nitrate
硝酸铵化学式
CAS
54378-28-8;6484-52-2
化学式
H4N*NO3
mdl
——
分子量
80.0434
InChiKey
DVARTQFDIMZBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-O
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 沸点:
    Colorless crystals. Mp: 169.6°C d: 1.725 at 25°Cbp: decomp >210°C Solubility: 192/100 at 20°C
  • 密度:
    1.725
  • 物理描述:
    Ammonium Nitrate Emulsion, Suspension, or Gel is ammonium nitrate suspended in a liquid. The material itself does not readily burn but will readily do so if contaminated by combustible material. It will accelerate the burning of combustible material. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced during combustion during combustion of this material. It is used as a fertilizer, as a freezing mixture, in safety explosives, matches, and pyrotechnics. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: White to gray to brown, odorless beads, pellets, or flakes. MELTING POINT: 336°F (169°C) decomposes at 410 F (210°C) SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.72 SOLUBILITY IN WATER: soluble
  • 颜色/状态:
    White hygroscopic crystals; orthorhombic
  • 气味:
    Odorless
  • 熔点:
    169.7 °C
  • 溶解度:
    118.3 g/100 cc of H2O at 0 °C, 871 g at 100 °C; 3.8 g/100 cc ethanol at 20 °C; soluble in acetone; 17.1 g/100 cc methanol at 20 °C; soluble in ammonia; insoluble in ether
  • 蒸汽压力:
    2.3 kPa at 20 °C in water solution; 1.5 kPa at 20 °C in saturated NH4NOs solution
  • 稳定性/保质期:
    1. 强氧化剂。遇可燃物着火时,能助长火势。与可燃物粉末混合会发生激烈反应而爆炸;受强烈震动也会起爆。急剧加热时可能发生爆炸。

    2. 易结块。纯硝酸铵在常温下是稳定的,对打击、碰撞或摩擦均不敏感。但温度升高时易发生热分解,随温度不同分解产物也不同。110℃时分解为硝酸;当温度高于400℃时,反应极为迅猛,甚至可能发生剧烈爆炸。

    3. 稳定性:稳定。

    4. 禁配物:强还原剂、强酸、易燃或可燃物、活性属粉末。

    5. 避免接触的条件:震动。

    6. 聚合危害:不聚合。

    7. 分解产物:氮氧化物。

  • 自燃温度:
    Not flammable (USCG, 1999)
  • 分解:
    Decomposes @ 210 °C, with evolution of nitrous oxide.

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    0.14
  • 重原子数:
    5
  • 可旋转键数:
    0
  • 环数:
    0.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    0.0
  • 拓扑面积:
    63.9
  • 氢给体数:
    1
  • 氢受体数:
    3

ADMET

代谢
摄入一定量的硝酸盐亚硝酸盐是人类氮循环的正常部分。在适当的条件下,硝酸盐可以在胃肠系统中转化为亚硝酸盐,显著增加硝酸盐的毒性。硝酸盐的主要代谢途径是转化为亚硝酸盐,然后转化为亚硝酸盐硝酸盐及其代谢物通过尿液排出体外。
Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L1137)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 毒性总结
硝酸盐的毒性是由于它进入体内后转化为亚硝酸盐亚硝酸盐会导致氧合血红蛋白的自动催化氧化,生成过氧化氢和高血红蛋白。高血红蛋白平的升高是一种称为高血红蛋白血症的状况,其特点是组织缺氧,因为高血红蛋白无法结合氧气
Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 致癌物分类
摄入硝酸盐亚硝酸盐,在导致内源性亚硝化的条件下,可能对人类具有致癌性(2A组)。
Ingested nitrate or nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). (L135)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 健康影响
硝酸盐亚硝酸盐中毒会导致高血红蛋白血症。亚硝酸盐可能会导致怀孕并发症和发育影响。它们也可能具有致癌性。
Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
  • 暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入和摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
  • 暴露途径
口服(L1137);吸入(L1137)
Oral (L1137) ; inhalation (L1137)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
吸收、分配和排泄
12名健康志愿者口服单次剂量7-10.5克硝酸铵,另外12名志愿者在大约60分钟内静脉注射9.5克硝酸钠。在24小时周期开始前收集血液、唾液和尿液的样本。唾液和尿液用于分析挥发性N-亚硝胺硝酸盐亚硝酸盐。血液用于分析硝酸盐。在尿液和唾液中,除了N-亚硝基二乙胺外,没有检测到其他N-亚硝胺。在188份尿液样本中,13%含有超过0.1微克/千克N-亚硝基二乙胺,最高平为0.5微克/千克。在179份唾液样本的92%中,发现的N-亚硝基二乙胺少于0.5微克/升。唾液中硝酸盐亚硝酸盐的峰值在摄入后2-6小时达到,个体间差异很大,范围从4-43毫摩尔/升。亚硝酸盐在26%的尿液样本中被检测到。平均来看,给予的硝酸盐的75%在24小时内通过尿液排出。24小时后,血液、尿液和唾液中的硝酸盐含量仍然高于摄入硝酸盐之前。
12 Healthy volunteers ingested orally 7-10.5 g ammonium nitrate in a single dose & 12 others received 9.5 g of sodium nitrate iv in approx 60 min. Samples of blood, saliva & urine were collected just before a 24 hr period. Saliva and urine were analyzed for volatile N-nitrosamines, nitrate & nitrite. Blood was analyzed for nitrate. Neither in urine nor in saliva were N-nitrosamines other than N-nitrosodiethylamine detected. Of the 188 urine samples, 13% contained greater than 0.1 ug N-nitrosodiethylamine/kg the highest level being 0.5 ug/kg. In 92% of the 179 saliva samples, less than 0.5 ug N-nitrosodiethylamine/l was found. Peak values for nitrate plus nitrite in saliva, which were reached 2-6 hr after intake, varied strongly between individuals, ranging from 4-43 mmol/L. Nitrite was detected in 26% of the urine samples. An average of 75% of administered nitrate was excreted in urine in 24 hr. Nitrate contents in blood, urine & saliva after 24 hr were still higher than before the nitrate intake.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

制备方法与用途

制备方法
  1. 硝酸混合,加入氨水直至产生明显的味,加热并过滤。蒸发浓缩至液面形成结晶膜,用冰冷却后吸滤结晶,在40~50℃下干燥。
  2. 精制法在80~90℃条件下将工业硝酸铵溶于中,加入碳酸钡以除去硫酸根和离子,再通过蒸发浓缩、加氨水处理并抽滤,最终产品在40~50℃下干燥。
  3. 中和法中将预热的硝酸与加热至70~80℃的气在105~140℃下反应生成硝酸铵溶液,并通过蒸发浓缩及结晶获得成品。
  4. 采用精制工艺,在工业硝酸铵中加入适量的多种试剂以去除杂质,过滤后冷却结晶,最后干燥。
  5. 取高纯硝酸并用电导稀释,缓慢加入氨水至产生明显气味,微热蒸发后结晶并低温烘干。
用途简介

主要用于肥料、炸药、烟火、杀虫剂和冷冻剂等。

详细用途
  1. 用于点滴分析,也可作为氧化剂、催化剂及致冷剂。
  2. 制备笑气氧化亚氮),制造焰火与炸药。在农业上用作速效肥料,并大量应用于无烟火药的制备;化工领域中用于生产笑气和医药维生素B,在轻工业中有助于制作无碱玻璃
  3. 作为化肥、分析试剂、氧化剂、制冷剂及烟火和炸药原料,广泛应用于多个行业。

反应信息

  • 作为反应物:
    描述:
    硝酸铵 以 neat (no solvent, solid phase) 为溶剂, 生成 氧化亚氮
    参考文献:
    名称:
    金属有机气相外延生长的 ZnO 薄膜中氮受体的电活性
    摘要:
    以两种方式研究了氮作为 ZnO 中的受体的电活性。首先,在金属有机气相外延 (MOVPE) 过程中通过二烯丙胺引入氮,从而在 1016-1021 cm-3 范围内引入氮。这导致自然供体的显着补偿,最小电子浓度为 5×1014 cm-3。其次,在源自NH4NO3分解的高压条件下在未掺杂的MOVPE层上进行氮扩散。以系统的方式观察到转换为 p 型电导率,测量的空穴浓度高达 6.5×1017 cm-3。
    DOI:
    10.1063/1.1592621
  • 作为产物:
    描述:
    臭氧 作用下, 生成 硝酸铵
    参考文献:
    名称:
    Schoenbein, C. F., Journal fur praktische Chemie (Leipzig 1954), 1861, vol. 82, p. 231 - 232
    摘要:
    DOI:
  • 作为试剂:
    描述:
    苯乙酮盐酸硝酸铵氧气 作用下, 以 乙腈 为溶剂, 反应 24.0h, 以66%的产率得到alpha-氯乙酰苯
    参考文献:
    名称:
    好氧氧化条件下芳基甲基酮的α-氯化反应
    摘要:
    新型反应体系:空气/硝酸铵/碘/盐酸[空气/ NH 4 NO 3(类别) / I 2(类别)[/ HCl]是一种简单,安全,便宜,高效且区域选择性的介体,用于在好氧氧化条件下对芳基,杂芳基和烷基甲基酮进行α-氯化。本发明对催化量碘的使用使得能够对各种甲基酮衍生物的全面范围进行适度到定量的区域选择性氯化,所述甲基酮衍生物包括带有可氧化的杂原子(S,N)取代基的那些,其中一些具有已宣布的潜在的生物学和药学活性。空气中的氧气在略微超压下起着终端氧化剂的作用,该终端氧化剂被催化量的硝酸铵(NH 4 NO 3)释放的氮氧化物的氧化还原循环催化活化)在盐酸(HCl)的酸性条件下并由元素碘(I 2)共同催化,这对于反应体系的高效率至关重要。
    DOI:
    10.1002/adsc.201301012
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文献信息

  • Improved Ruthenium Catalysts for <i>Z</i>-Selective Olefin Metathesis
    作者:Benjamin K. Keitz、Koji Endo、Paresma R. Patel、Myles B. Herbert、Robert H. Grubbs
    DOI:10.1021/ja210225e
    日期:2012.1.11
    carboxylate ligand and the aryl group of the N-heterocyclic carbene have been altered and the resulting catalysts evaluated using a range of metathesis reactions. Substitution of bidentate with monodentate X-type ligands led to a severe attenuation of metathesis activity and selectivity, while minor differences were observed between bidentate ligands within the same family (e.g., carboxylates). The use of nitrato-type
    已经合成了几种用于 Z-选择性烯烃复分解反应的新型 CH 活化催化剂。N-杂环卡宾的羧酸配体和芳基均已改变,并使用一系列复分解反应对所得催化剂进行了评估。用单齿X型配体取代双齿会导致复分解活性和选择性严重减弱,而同一家族内的双齿配体(例如,羧酸盐)之间观察到微小差异。使用硝基型配体代替羧酸盐显着提高了复分解活性和选择性。使用这些催化剂,各种交叉复分解反应的周转数可能接近 1000,包括工业相关产品的合成。
  • Highly Active Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts Exhibiting Unprecedented Activity and <i>Z</i>-Selectivity
    作者:Lauren E. Rosebrugh、Myles B. Herbert、Vanessa M. Marx、Benjamin K. Keitz、Robert H. Grubbs
    DOI:10.1021/ja311916m
    日期:2013.1.30
    A novel chelated ruthenium-based metathesis catalyst bearing an N-2,6-diisopropylphenyl group is reported and displays near-perfect selectivity for the Z-olefin (>95%), as well as unparalleled TONs of up to 7400, in a variety of homodimerization and industrially relevant metathesis reactions. This derivative and other new catalytically active species were synthesized using an improved method employing
    报道了一种带有 N-2,6-二异丙基苯基的新型螯合基复分解催化剂,它对 Z-烯烃表现出近乎完美的选择性 (>95%),以及无与伦比的高达 7400 的 TONs,在各种同二聚化和工业相关的复分解反应。这种衍生物和其他新的催化活性物质是使用改进的方法合成的,该方法采用羧酸来诱导这些螯合配合物的盐复分解和 CH 活化。所有这些新型基催化剂在末端烯烃的均二聚反应中都具有高度的 Z 选择性。
  • Enhanced NH3 Selective Catalytic Reduction for NOx Abatement
    作者:Pio Forzatti、Isabella Nova、Enrico Tronconi
    DOI:10.1002/anie.200903857
    日期:2009.10.19
    Enhanced NO reduction efficiencies, close to those obtained under the conditions of fast selective catalytic reduction (SCR; see diagram), were achieved over commercial vanadium and iron‐exchanged zeolite SCR catalysts at low temperatures (200–300 °C) in the absence of NO2 by reaction of NO with ammonia and an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate.
    在商业化的交换沸石SCR催化剂的低温(200–300°C)下,在无硫化氢的条件下,可以提高NO的还原效率,接近在快速选择性催化还原(SCR;见图)条件下获得的NO还原效率。通过使NO与硝酸铵溶液反应而生成NO 2。
  • Reaction of Nitrates with Liquid Sulphur Dioxide
    作者:K. J. IVIN
    DOI:10.1038/180090a0
    日期:1957.7
    catalyse the formation of polysulphones from liquid mixtures of olefines and sulphur dioxide1, but the mechanism of catalysis has never been clarified. It is now suggested that the effective catalyst is nitrogen dioxide and/or the sulphite radical ion formed as the primary products of the reaction between nitrates and sulphur dioxide. The following observations are consistent with this suggestion:
    一段时间以来,人们已经知道无机硝酸盐可催化由烯烃和二氧化硫的液体混合物形成聚砜1,但催化机理从未阐明。现在建议有效的催化剂是二氧化氮和/或作为硝酸盐二氧化硫之间反应的主要产物形成的亚硫酸根离子。以下观察结果与该建议一致:
  • ‘Layered hydrogenselenite’ I. Synthesis, structure redetermination of [Cu(HSeO3)2(H2O)2] and determination of [Cu(HSeO3)2(NO3)2]2−·2NH4+,NH4NO3. Structural relationships of these complexes with [Cu(HSeO3)2]
    作者:A.M. Lafront、J.C. Trombe
    DOI:10.1016/0020-1693(95)04500-9
    日期:1995.6
    followed by [Cu(HSeO 3 ) 2 (NO 3 ) 2 ] 2− ·2NH 4 + NH 4 NO 3 . The complex [Cu(HSeO 3 ) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] was previously inadvertenly described as [Cu(HSeO 3 ) 2 (H 2 O)]. It structure has been redetermined along with the structure of the new complex [Cu(HSeO 3 ) 2 (NO 3 ) 2 ] 2− ·2NH 4 + ,NH 4 NO 3 . In both structures the copper atoms and the bridging HSeO 3 − build similar sheets which are interconnected by
    摘要描述了两种沸石的合成条件。在没有NH 4 NO 3或没有NH 4 NO 3的系统CuO = SeO 2 = HNO 3 = H 2 O的情况下,观察到以下取决于pH值降低的相:在不存在NH 4 NO 3的情况下,[CuSeO 3 (H 2 O)2],接着是[Cu(HSeO 3)2]和[Cu(HSeO 3)2(H 2 O)2];在NH 4 NO 3的存在下,[CuSeO 3(H 2 O)2]然后是[Cu(HSeO 3)2(NO 3)2] 2-·2NH 4 + NH 4 NO 3。先前将络合物[Cu(HSeO 3)2(H 2 O)2]误描述为[Cu(HSeO 3)2(H 2 O)]。它的结构已与新配合物[Cu(HSeO 3)2(NO 3)2] 2··2NH 4 +,NH 4 NO 3的结构一起重新确定。在这两种结构中,原子和桥接的HSeO 3-都形成了相似的薄片,这些薄片通过氢键相互连接。[Cu(HSeO
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