Carbofuran is primarily metabolized into three phenolic carbamate metabolites and into 3-hydroxy carbofuran. The trio of phenolic metabolites is not deemed to be of toxicological significance.
Male swiss mice were administered orally a soln of labeled furadan in propylene glycol. Urine was collected and chromatographed. In addition to (14)C-carbon dioxide, 3-hydroxy furadan (major component) and 3-keto furadan were identified. After acid hydrolysis of the aqueous portion of ether extracted urine, the 3-keto-furadan phenol, furadan phenol, 3-hydroxy furadan & 2 unidentified compounds were found.
In ... studies with laboratory rats, after oral admin of labeled furadan in tween 20, metabolites were identified. Analyses also indicated the presence of conjugates & 3 unidentified compounds. Found & identified were: 3-hydroxy-N-hydroxymethyl furadan & its conjugate; N-hydroxymethyl furadan; 3-hydroxy furadan & its conjugate; 3-keto furadan; 3-hydroxy furadan phenol as a conjugate; 3-keto furadan phenol & its conjugate; & furadan phenol & its conjugate.
When exposed to furadan, the dairy cow excreted 12, 1.0, & 2.6% of the carbonyl-(14)C label in urine, feces, & milk, respectively. Ring-(14)C was excreted to the extent of 83, 2.9, & 0.5%, respectively. In the urine 7 metabolites were identified: 3-hydroxy furadan (5%); 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl sulfate (38%) & glucuronide (7%); 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-7-benzofuranyl sulfate (9%) & glucuronide (1%); 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-7-benzofuranyl sulfate (3%) & glucuronide (12.5%).
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
碳氧呋喃已知的人类代谢物包括e-羟基碳氧呋喃。
Carbofuran has known human metabolites that include e-hydroxy-carbofuran.
Carbofuran is an N-methyl carbamate (NMC) pesticide. Like other pesticides in this class, the primary toxic effect seen following carbofuran exposure is neurotoxicity resulting from inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE breaks down acetylcholine (ACh), a compound that assists in transmitting signals through the nervous system. Carbofuran inhibits the AChE activity in the body. When AChE is inhibited at nerve endings, the inhibition prevents the ACh from being degraded and results in prolonged stimulation of nerves and muscles. Physical signs and symptoms of carbofuran poisoning include headache, nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, excessive perspiration, salivation, lacrimation (tearing), vomiting, diarrhea, aching muscles, and a general feeling of severe malaise. Uncontrollable muscle twitching and bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate) can occur. Severe poisoning can lead to convulsions, coma, pulmonary edema, muscle paralysis, and death by asphyxiation. Carbofuran poisoning also may cause various psychological, neurological and cognitive effects, including confusion, anxiety, depression, irritability, mood swings, difficulty concentrating, short-term memory loss, persistent fatigue, and blurred vision. The most sensitive and appropriate effect associated with the use of carbofuran is its toxicity following acute exposure. Acute exposure is defined as an exposure of short duration, usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day. EPA classifies carbofuran as Toxicity Category I, the most toxic category, based on its potency by the oral and inhalation exposure routes. The lethal potencies of chemicals are usually described in terms of the "dose" given orally or the "concentration" in air that is estimated to cause the death of 50 percent of the animals exposed (abbreviated as LD50 or LC50). Carbofuran has an oral LD50 of 7.8-6.0 mg/kg, and an inhalation LC50 of 0.08 mg/L .... The lethal dose and lethal concentration levels for the oral and inhalation routes fall well below the limits for the Toxicity Category I, < 50 mg/kg and < 0.2 mg/L, respectively. Carbofuran has a steep dose-response curve. In other words, a marginal increase in administered doses of carbofuran can result in a significant change in the toxic effect. For example, carbofuran data in juvenile rats (postnatal day 11 and 17) demonstrate that small differences in carbofuran doses (0.1 mg/kg to 0.3 mg/kg) can change the measured effect from significant brain and red blood cell (RBC) AChE inhibition without clinical signs (0.1 mg/kg) to significant AChE inhibition, and resultant tremors, and decreased motor activity (0.3 mg/kg). In other words there is a slight difference in exposure levels that produce no noticeable outward effects and the level that causes adverse effects. This means that small differences in human exposure levels can have significant adverse consequences for large numbers of individuals. ...The difference between the amount of food with carbofuran residues that can be safely consumed without adverse effect, and the amount that provides a dose that exceeds safe levels is minimal. Children who consume typical amounts of watermelon (i.e., 8 grams) containing carbofuran residues of 0.009 ppm-a residue level detected in PDP data--receive a safe daily dose, but those consuming the same amount of watermelon with a PDP residue level of 0.013 receive an exposure of 134% of the safe daily dose.[USEPA; 40 CFR Part 180.
Carbofuran is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Carbamates form unstable complexes with chlolinesterases by carbamoylation of the active sites of the enzymes. This inhibition is reversible. A cholinesterase inhibitor suppresses the action of acetylcholine esterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholine esterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌性证据
癌症分类：不太可能对人类致癌
Cancer Classification: Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans
Carbofuran does not appear to possess mutagenic activity and was negative in both rat and mouse oncogenicity assays. Carbofuran is classified as a "Not likely" human carcinogen based on the lack of evidence of carcinogenicity in mice or rats.
EXCRETION OF (14)C CARBOFURAN ... AND ITS (14)C ALFALFA RESIDUES HAVE BEEN STUDIED IN DAIRY COW. ABOUT 3% WAS EXCRETED IN MILK IN 4 DAYS, MAINLY IN 48 HR.
In rats, 87% of the radioactivity from carbonyl (14)C labelled carbofuran (peroral) is eliminated within 48 hours, 45% as CO2 in expired air, 38% in urine and 4% in feces. When ring-labelled carbofuran is fed to cows and rats, nearly all of the (14)C is eliminated in urine (92% in 32 hours), none is exhaled and less than 3% is found in feces. In milk cows, less than 3% is found in milk following per oral and fistula administration.
The synthesis of 1-chloroalkyl carbonates and their reaction with various type of amines are described. This reaction is useful for the synthesis of carbamate pesticides and for the protection of various amino groups, including amino acids.
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人：GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号：WO2017075056A1
公开（公告）日：2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
[EN] BICYCLYL-SUBSTITUTED ISOTHIAZOLINE COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS ISOTHIAZOLINE SUBSTITUÉS PAR UN BICYCLYLE
申请人：BASF SE
公开号：WO2014206910A1
公开（公告）日：2014-12-31
The present invention relates to bicyclyl-substituted isothiazoline compounds of formula (I) wherein the variables are as defined in the claims and description. The compounds are useful for combating or controlling invertebrate pests, in particular arthropod pests and nematodes. The invention also relates to a method for controlling invertebrate pests by using these compounds and to plant propagation material and to an agricultural and a veterinary composition comprising said compounds.
The present invention relates to azoline compounds of formula (I) wherein A, B1, B2, B3, G1, G2, X1, R1, R3a, R3b, Rg1 and Rg2 are as defined in the claims and the description. The compounds are useful for combating or controlling invertebrate pests, in particular arthropod pests and nematodes. The invention also relates to a method for controlling invertebrate pests by using these compounds and to plant propagation material and to an agricultural and a veterinary composition comprising said compounds.
