De Novo Synthesis Mechanism of Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and the Characteristic Isomers of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes
摘要:
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are known to be emitted from municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). Two formation paths for PCDD/Fs could mainly work, which are condensation of the precursors such as chlorophenols and "de novo" formation from carbon. However the correlation between the chemical structure of carbon and the resulting PCDD/Fs still remains unknown. In this study, the PCDD/Fs formation from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and CuCl was examined at 400 under 10% O-2. Coronene among the PAHs characteristically gave 1,2,8,9-T4CDF and the derivatives. These isomers clearly indicate that chlorination causes the cleavage of the C-C bonds in a coronene molecule and also that oxygen is easily incorporated from its outside to form 1,2,8,9-T4CDF. The symmetrical preformed structures in the coronene molecule enabled to amplify the de novo formation of the isomer. PCNs are also formed directly from these PAHs. Since there have been few reports on the formation mechanism of PCNs, this study will be a first step to know the whole formation paths. We also define the de novo synthesis as the breakdown reaction of a carbon matrix, since the word has been used without the precise definition.
Analgesic compounds are of the general formula (I):
in which, R¹ and R² each represents hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl, or R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocycle; E represents methylene, sulphur, oxygen or imino group optionally substituted with C₁-C₆ alkyl or aralkyl; ring A is aryl or heteroaryl ring, optionally substituted; R³ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl and R⁴ is hydrogen or R³ and R⁴ together represent a group of formula (IV):
-(CRaRa)m-C(=Y)- (IV)
(wherein Ra and Ra is C₁-C₆ alkyl or hydrogen, up to a maximum of 3 alkyl groups, m is 1, 2, or 3, and Y is two hydrogens or oxygen); provided that when E represents a methylene group, then R³ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl group or R³ and R⁴ together represent a group of the formula (IV).