Singlet oxygen oxidation of substituted furans to 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
摘要:
The conditions for the regiospecific singlet oxygen oxidation of various 2,4-disubstituted furans 9 to 4-substituted-2 (5H)-furanones 3 are developed. The presence of a C-2 substituent (e.g., trimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, or tributylstannyl) in 9 is an absolute requirement for the formation of the 4-substituted-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone regioisomer 3. When the C-2 substituent is triethylsilyl (TES) or TBDMS, however, apart from 3, the corresponding 5-trialkylsiloxy derivative 11 is also isolated in a significant amount. These silyl acetals are unexpectedly stable but can be hydrolyzed back to 3 on stirring with dilute acid. The formation of silyl acetals, to our knowledge, has never been reported in the singlet oxygen oxidation of (trialkylsilyl)furan. A plausible mechanism for their formation is proposed. The presence of a catalytic amount of water in the oxidation of 2-(trialkylsilyl)-4-substituted-furans not only eliminates the formation of the silyl acetals but also speeds up the rate of the oxidation process. Moreover, the oxidation can then be carried out at 0-degrees-C instead of at -78-degrees-C. Oxidation of 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-4-substituted-furans in the absence of a reducing agent gives little or no sign of 2,5-disubstituted-6-hydroxy-3(2H)-pyranone 23 but instead 26 selectively. Thus, the (1-hydroxy)alkyl group can be utilized as the trialkylsilyl or trialkylstannyl group in dictating the regioselectivity in the singlet oxygen oxidation of substituted furans.
New 5-hydroxy-2-furanone compounds having anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative activity and are useful in treating psoriasis and modifying calcium homeostasis.
A practical synthesis of a novel class of fused heterocycles was developed from 1-(2-iodobenzyl)-1H-pyrrole and -indoles with various bromoalkyl aryl alkynes. This palladium(0)-catalyzed norbornene-mediated domino reaction allows the efficient formation of three carbon-carbon bonds in a one-pot procedure with PdCl2 and tri-2-furylphosphine (TFP), in the presence of norbornene and Cs2CO3 in acetonitrile at 90 ËC. New seven-membered-ring fused heterocycles are obtained in moderate to excellent yields.