Chemistry of dioxenium cations. Synthetic and mechanistic studies on the stereocontrolled formation of tetrahydropyrans from homoallylic alcohols and ortho esters
                                
                                    
                                        作者:Francoise Perron-Sierra、Michele A. Promo、Van A. Martin、Kim F. Albizati                                    
                                    
                                        DOI:10.1021/jo00021a043
                                    
                                    
                                        日期:1991.10
                                    
                                    Despite their long history, dioxenium cations are underutilized reactive synthetic intermediates.  It was found that ortho esters and homoallylic alcohols in the presence of Lewis acids provide 4-heterosubstituted pyranosides in a stereoselective manner.  The mechanistic course of events was supported by control experiments and synthesis of a putative mixed ortho ester intermediate which exhibited identical reactivity.  A transition state for termination of the dioxenium cation-olefin cyclization is proposed, involving intramolecular delivery of chloride by a coordinated tin species.  Structure-reactivity relationships indicate that a cation-stabilizing substituent (alkyl or alkoxy) at the internal position of the olefin is required for cyclization.  A variety of 3-alkyl-substituted homoallylic alcohols cyclize cleanly to substituted 2-alkoxytetrahydropyrans in good yield.  beta-silyloxy silyl enol ethers were found to smoothly provide 4-oxotetrahydropyranosides when subjected to the same reaction conditions.  For these substrates, the course of the cyclization proceeds in a different manner involving a rapid intermolecular Mukaiyama aldol condensation followed by transacetalization.