Thick electrodes with sodium and even anion intercalation organic compounds integrated in a neutral-pH aqueous battery offer unique advantages in terms of round trip efficiency, environmental impact, and scalability for off- or on-grid renewable energy storage. Herein, we report the first anion-rocking chair/dual-ion organic battery. The latter reaches 35 Wh/kgmaterials at a C/8 rate. It shows remarkable cyclability and coulombic efficiency in a cheap and neutral NaClO4 electrolyte pouch cell with highly loaded millimeter-thick electrodes (5 mAh/cm2). This achievement is based on a thorough study of a commercial 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO) (TEMPO) benzene derivative, namely, 4-hydroxy TEMPO benzoate, and its naphthalene analog (4-carboxy TEMPO naphthalate) as positive electrode materials and a bipyridinium–naphthalene oligomer as the negative electrode. Combined UV–vis spectroelectrochemistry and operando X-ray diffraction account for the much improved cyclability of the hydrophobic 4-carboxy TEMPO naphthalate at the expense of a lower specific capacity. This trend is reversed in the case of the 4-hydroxy TEMPO benzoate derivative. Results show that the kinetic limitations of 4-hydroxy TEMPO benzoate are associated with the surrounding composite electrode, whereas inner-grain ionic and/or electronic transports play a decisive role for 4-carboxy TEMPO naphthalate.
在中性-pH
水电池中集成了
钠甚至阴离子插层有机化合物的厚电极在往返效率、环境影响和可扩展性方面具有独特的优势,可用于离网或并网可再生能源存储。在此,我们报告了首个阴离子摇椅/双离子有机电池。后者以 C/8 的速率达到 35 Wh/kgmaterials。在廉价的中性 NaClO4 电解质袋式电池中,它显示出卓越的可循环性和库仑效率,并具有高负载毫米厚电极(5 mAh/cm2)。这一成果是在对商用
2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶基-N-氧(
TEMPO)(
TEMPO)苯衍
生物(即 4-hydroxy
TEMPO benzoate)及其
萘类似物(4-carboxy
TEMPO naphthalate)作为正极材料和联
吡啶鎓-
萘低聚物作为负极材料进行深入研究的基础上取得的。结合紫外可见光谱电
化学和操作性 X 射线衍射,可以看出疏
水性 4- 羧基
TEMPO
萘酸酯的循环性大大提高,但比容量却降低了。这一趋势在
4-羟基
TEMPO
苯甲酸衍
生物中正好相反。结果表明,
4-羟基
TEMPO
苯甲酸酯的动力学限制与周围的复合电极有关,而 4-羧基
TEMPO
萘酸酯的内晶粒离子和/或电子传输起着决定性作用。